| Title: | "Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users: A Cross-sectional Study" |
| Author(s): | Shahab L; Goniewicz ML; Blount BC; Brown J; McNeill A; Alwis KU; Feng J; Wang L; West R; |
| Address: | "From University College London and King's College, London, United Kingdom; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia" |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1539-3704 (Electronic) 0003-4819 (Print) 0003-4819 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "BACKGROUND: Given the rapid increase in the popularity of e-cigarettes and the paucity of associated longitudinal health-related data, the need to assess the potential risks of long-term use is essential. OBJECTIVE: To compare exposure to nicotine, tobacco-related carcinogens, and toxins among smokers of combustible cigarettes only, former smokers with long-term e-cigarette use only, former smokers with long-term nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) use only, long-term dual users of both combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and long-term users of both combustible cigarettes and NRT. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS: The following 5 groups were purposively recruited: combustible cigarette-only users, former smokers with long-term (>/=6 months) e-cigarette-only or NRT-only use, and long-term dual combustible cigarette-e-cigarette or combustible cigarette-NRT users (n = 36 to 37 per group; total n = 181). MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographic and smoking characteristics were assessed. Participants provided urine and saliva samples and were analyzed for biomarkers of nicotine, tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). RESULTS: After confounders were controlled for, no clear between-group differences in salivary or urinary biomarkers of nicotine intake were found. The e-cigarette-only and NRT-only users had significantly lower metabolite levels for TSNAs (including the carcinogenic metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol [NNAL]) and VOCs (including metabolites of the toxins acrolein; acrylamide; acrylonitrile; 1,3-butadiene; and ethylene oxide) than combustible cigarette-only, dual combustible cigarette-e-cigarette, or dual combustible cigarette-NRT users. The e-cigarette-only users had significantly lower NNAL levels than all other groups. Combustible cigarette-only, dual combustible cigarette-NRT, and dual combustible cigarette-e-cigarette users had largely similar levels of TSNA and VOC metabolites. LIMITATION: Cross-sectional design with self-selected sample. CONCLUSION: Former smokers with long-term e-cigarette-only or NRT-only use may obtain roughly similar levels of nicotine compared with smokers of combustible cigarettes only, but results varied. Long-term NRT-only and e-cigarette-only use, but not dual use of NRTs or e-cigarettes with combustible cigarettes, is associated with substantially reduced levels of measured carcinogens and toxins relative to smoking only combustible cigarettes. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Cancer Research UK" |
| Keywords: | Adult Biomarkers/analysis/urine Carcinogens/*analysis Cross-Sectional Studies Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems/*adverse effects Female Humans Male Nicotine/*analysis/urine Nitrosamines/analysis/urine Salvia/chemistry Smoking Cessation/methods Time Fac; |
| Notes: | "MedlineShahab, Lion Goniewicz, Maciej L Blount, Benjamin C Brown, Jamie McNeill, Ann Alwis, K Udeni Feng, June Wang, Lanqing West, Robert eng 14135/CRUK_/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom 2017/02/07 Ann Intern Med. 2017 Mar 21; 166(6):390-400. doi: 10.7326/M16-1107. Epub 2017 Feb 7" |
