| Title: | Cytokine contributions to alterations of the volatile metabolome induced by inflammation |
| Author(s): | Millet P; Opiekun M; Martin T; Beauchamp GK; Kimball BA; |
| Address: | "Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States. Electronic address: pmillet@monell.org. Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States. USDA-APHIS-WS National Wildlife Research Center, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States" |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.005 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1090-2139 (Electronic) 0889-1591 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "Several studies demonstrate that inflammation affects body odor. Volatile signals associated with inflammation induced by pyrogens like LPS are detectable both by conspecifics and chemical analyses. However, little is known about the mechanisms which translate detection of a foreign molecule or pathogen into a unique body odor, or even how unique that odor may be. Here, we utilized C57BL/6J trained mice to identify the odor of LPS-treated conspecifics to investigate potential pathways between LPS-induced inflammation and changes in body odor, as represented by changes in urine odor. We hypothesized that the change in volatile metabolites could be caused directly by the pro-inflammatory cytokine response mediated by TNF or IL-1beta, or by the compensatory anti-inflammatory response mediated by IL-10. We found that trained biosensors generalized learned LPS-associated odors to TNF-induced odors, but not to IL-1beta or IL-10-induced odors. Analyses of urine volatiles using headspace gas chromatography revealed distinct profiles of volatile compounds for each treatment. Instrumental discrimination relied on a mixture of compounds, including 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole, cedrol, nonanal, benzaldehyde, acetic acid, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and dehydro-exo-brevicomin. Although interpretation of LDA modeling differed from behavioral testing, it does suggest that treatment with TNF, IL-1beta, and LPS can be distinguished by their resultant volatile profiles. These findings indicate there is information found in body odors on the presence of specific cytokines. This result is encouraging for the future of disease diagnosis via analysis of volatiles" |
| Keywords: | "Animals Behavior, Animal/drug effects Cytokines/*metabolism Inflammation/*metabolism Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology Male *Metabolome Mice Odorants Volatile Organic Compounds/*metabolism Body odor Cytokines Inflammation Volatile metabolome;" |
| Notes: | "MedlineMillet, Patrick Opiekun, Maryanne Martin, Talia Beauchamp, Gary K Kimball, Bruce A eng G20 OD020296/OD/NIH HHS/ P30 DC011735/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Netherlands 2017/12/16 Brain Behav Immun. 2018 Mar; 69:312-320. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.005. Epub 2017 Dec 11" |
