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J Chem Ecol

Title:		Ant-like Traits in Wingless Parasitoids Repel Attack from Wolf Spiders
Author(s):		Harvey JA; Visser B; Lammers M; Marien J; Gershenzon J; Ode PJ; Heinen R; Gols R; Ellers J;
Address:		"Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6700, AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. j.harvey@nioo.knaw.nl. Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j.harvey@nioo.knaw.nl. Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans Knoel Str 8, DE-07745, Jena, Germany. Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1177, USA. Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6700, AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700, EH, Wageningen, the Netherlands"
Journal Title:		J Chem Ecol
Year:		2018
Volume:		20180731
Issue:		10
Page Number:		894 - 904
DOI:		10.1007/s10886-018-0989-2
ISSN/ISBN:		1573-1561 (Electronic) 0098-0331 (Print) 0098-0331 (Linking)
Abstract:		"A recent study showed that a wingless parasitoid, Gelis agilis, exhibits a suite of ant-like traits that repels attack from wolf spiders. When agitated, G. agilis secreted 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (sulcatone), which a small number of ant species produce as an alarm/panic pheromone. Here, we tested four Gelis parasitoid species, occurring in the same food chain and microhabitats, for the presence of sulcatone and conducted two-species choice bioassays with wolf spiders to determine their degree of susceptibility to attack. All four Gelis species, including both winged and wingless species, produced sulcatone, whereas a closely related species, Acrolyta nens, and the more distantly related Cotesia glomerata, did not. In two-choice bioassays, spiders overwhelmingly rejected the wingless Gelis species, preferring A. nens and C. glomerata. However, spiders exhibited no preference for either A. nens or G. areator, both of which are winged. Wingless gelines exhibited several ant-like traits, perhaps accounting for the reluctance of spiders to attack them. On the other hand, despite producing sulcatone, the winged G. areator more closely resembles other winged cryptines like A. nens, making it harder for spiders to distinguish between these two species. C. glomerata was also preferred by spiders over A. nens, suggesting that other non-sulcatone producing cryptines nevertheless possess traits that make them less attractive as prey. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Cryptinae reveals that G. hortensis and G. proximus are 'sister'species, with G. agilis, and G.areator in particular evolving along more distant trajectories. We discuss the possibility that wingless Gelis species have evolved a suite of ant-like traits as a form, of mimicry to repel predators on the ground"
Keywords:		"Animals Ants/*anatomy & histology/classification/metabolism/*physiology Biological Assay Ketones/metabolism/pharmacology Phylogeny Predatory Behavior/drug effects Spiders/drug effects/*physiology *Wings, Animal Batesian mimicry Mullerian mimicry Chemical;"
Notes:		"MedlineHarvey, Jeffrey A Visser, Bertanne Lammers, Marl Marien, Janine Gershenzon, Jonathan Ode, Paul J Heinen, Robin Gols, Rieta Ellers, Jacintha eng 2018/08/02 J Chem Ecol. 2018 Oct; 44(10):894-904. doi: 10.1007/s10886-018-0989-2. Epub 2018 Jul 31"