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Front Toxicol

Title:		Assessment and Mitigation of Exposure of 3-D Printer Emissions
Author(s):		Kim B; Shin JH; Kim HP; Jo MS; Kim HS; Lee JS; Lee HK; Kwon HC; Han SG; Kang N; Gulumian M; Bello D; Yu IJ;
Address:		"Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. Institute of Occupation and Environment, Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service, Incheon, Korea. Aerosol Toxicology Research Center, HCTm, Incheon, Korea. Toxicology Laboratory, Sanghuh College of Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Korea. Haematology and Molecular Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, United States. HCT, Co., Incheon, Korea"
Journal Title:		Front Toxicol
Year:		2021
Volume:		20220218
Issue:
Page Number:		817454 -
DOI:		10.3389/ftox.2021.817454
ISSN/ISBN:		2673-3080 (Electronic) 2673-3080 (Linking)
Abstract:		"This study monitored particulates, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from 3-D printers using acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) filaments at a workplace to assess exposure before and after introducing exposure mitigation measures. Air samples were collected in the printing room and adjacent corridor, and real-time measurements of ultrafine and fine particle were also conducted. Extensive physicochemical characterizations of 3-D printer emissions were performed, including real-time (size distribution, number concentration) nanoparticle characterization, size-fractionated mass distribution and concentration, as well as chemical composition for metals by ICP-MS and VOCs by GC-FID, real-time VOC monitors, and proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS). Air sampling showed low levels of total suspended particulates (TSP, 9-12.5/m(3)), minimal levels (1.93-4 ppm) of total volatile organic chemicals (TVOC), and formaldehyde (2.5-21.7 ppb). Various harmful gases, such as formaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, hexane, styrene, toluene, and trimethylamine, were detected at concentrations in the 1-100 ppb by PTR-TOF-MS when air sample was collected into the Tedlar bag from the front of the 3-D printer. Ultrafine particles having an average particle size (30 nm count median diameter and 71 nm mass median diameter) increased during the 3-D printing operation. They decreased to the background level after the 3-D printing operation, while fine particles continually increased after the termination of 3-D printing to the next day morning. The exposure to 3-D printer emissions was greatly reduced after isolating 3-D printers in the enclosed space. Particle number concentration measured by real-time particle counters (DMAS and OPC) were greatly reduced after isolating 3-D printers to the isolated place"
Keywords:		3-D printer emission exposure assessment mitigation particles volatile organic chemicals (VOCs);
Notes:		"PubMed-not-MEDLINEKim, Boowook Shin, Jae Hoo Kim, Hoi Pin Jo, Mi Seong Kim, Hee Sang Lee, Jong Sung Lee, Hong Ku Kwon, Hyuk Cheol Han, Sung Gu Kang, Noeul Gulumian, Mary Bello, Dhimiter Yu, Il Je eng Switzerland 2022/03/18 Front Toxicol. 2022 Feb 18; 3:817454. doi: 10.3389/ftox.2021.817454. eCollection 2021"