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Environ Health

Title:		Joint effects of ethnic enclave residence and ambient volatile organic compounds exposure on risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among Asian/Pacific Islander women in the United States
Author(s):		Williams AD; Ha S; Shenassa E; Messer LC; Kanner J; Mendola P;
Address:		"Public Health program, Department of Population Health, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Room E162, 1301 North Columbia Road Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA. andrew.d.williams@und.edu. School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, Health Science Research Institute, University of California, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, CA, USA. Maternal and Child Health Program, Department of Family Science, University of Maryland College Park, 4200 Valley Drive, College Park, MD, USA. OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Portland State University, 506 SW Mill Street 470H, Portland, OR, USA. Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Drive, MSC, Bethesda, MD, 7004, USA"
Journal Title:		Environ Health
Year:		2021
Volume:		20210508
Issue:		1
Page Number:		56 -
DOI:		10.1186/s12940-021-00738-7
ISSN/ISBN:		1476-069X (Electronic) 1476-069X (Linking)
Abstract:		"BACKGROUND: Asian/Pacific Islander (API) communities in the United States often reside in metropolitan areas with distinct social and environmental attributes. Residence in an ethnic enclave, a socially distinct area, is associated with lower gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk, yet exposure to high levels of air pollution, including volatile organic compounds (VOCS), is associated with increased GDM risk. We examined the joint effects of ethnic enclaves and VOCs to better understand GDM risk among API women, the group with the highest prevalence of GDM. METHODS: We examined 9069 API births in the Consortium on Safe Labor (19 hospitals, 2002-2008). API ethnic enclaves were defined as areas >/=66th percentile for percent API residents, dissimilarity (geographic dispersal of API and White residents), and isolation (degree that API individuals interact with another API individual). High levels of 14 volatile organic compounds (VOC) were defined as >/=75th percentile. Four joint categories were created for each VOC: Low VOC/Enclave (reference group), Low VOC/No Enclave, High VOC/Enclave, High VOC/No Enclave. GDM was reported in medical records. Hierarchical logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) between joint exposures and GDM, adjusted for maternal factors and area-level poverty. Risk was estimated for 3-months preconception and first trimester exposures. RESULTS: Enclave residence was associated with lower GDM risk regardless of VOC exposure. Preconception benzene exposure was associated with increased risk when women resided outside enclaves [High VOC/No Enclave (OR:3.45, 95%CI:1.77,6.72)], and the effect was somewhat mitigated within enclaves, [High VOC/Enclave (OR:2.07, 95%:1.09,3.94)]. Risks were similar for 12 of 14 VOCs during preconception and 10 of 14 during the first trimester. CONCLUSIONS: API residence in non-enclave areas is associated with higher GDM risk, regardless of VOC level. Ethnic enclave residence may mitigate effects of VOC exposure, perhaps due to lower stress levels. The potential benefit of ethnic enclaves warrants further study"
Keywords:		"Adult Air Pollutants/*analysis *Asian People Diabetes, Gestational/*epidemiology/*ethnology Environmental Exposure/analysis Female Humans *Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Pregnancy Residence Characteristics Risk United States/epidemiology Volati;"
Notes:		"MedlineWilliams, Andrew D Ha, Sandie Shenassa, Edmond Messer, Lynne C Kanner, Jenna Mendola, Pauline eng HHSN27500008/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ HHSN275200800002I/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ UL1 TR001086/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ P2C HD041041/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ HHSN267200603425C/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural England 2021/05/10 Environ Health. 2021 May 8; 20(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s12940-021-00738-7"