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J Environ Radioact

Title:		Long-term modelling of fly ash and radionuclide emissions as well as deposition fluxes due to the operation of large oil shale-fired power plants
Author(s):		Vaasma T; Kaasik M; Loosaar J; Kiisk M; Tkaczyk AH;
Address:		"Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: taavi.vaasma@ut.ee. Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. School of Engineering, Department of Energy Technology at Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"
Journal Title:		J Environ Radioact
Year:		2017
Volume:		20170912
Issue:
Page Number:		232 - 244
DOI:		10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.08.017
ISSN/ISBN:		1879-1700 (Electronic) 0265-931X (Linking)
Abstract:		"Two of the world's largest oil shale-fired power plants (PPs) in Estonia have been operational over 40 years, emitting various pollutants, such as fly ash, SO(x), NO(x), heavy metals, volatile organic compounds as well as radionuclides to the environment. The emissions from these PPs have varied significantly during this period, with the maximum during the 1970s and 1980s. The oil shale burned in the PPs contains naturally occurring radionuclides from the (238)U and (232)Th decay series as well as (40)K. These radionuclides become enriched in fly ash fractions (up to 10 times), especially in the fine fly ash escaping the purification system. Using a validated Gaussian-plume model, atmospheric dispersion modelling was carried out to determine the quantity and a real magnitude of fly ash and radionuclide deposition fluxes during different decades. The maximum deposition fluxes of volatile radionuclides ((210)Pb and (210)Po) were around 70 mBq m(-2) d(-1) nearby the PPs during 1970s and 1980s. Due to the reduction of burned oil shale and significant renovations done on the PPs, the deposition fluxes were reduced to 10 mBq m(-2) d(-1) in the 2000s and down to 1.5 mBq m(-2) d(-1) in 2015. The maximum deposition occurs within couple of kilometers of the PPs, but the impacted area extends to over 50 km from the sources. For many radionuclides, including (210)Po, the PPs have been larger contributors of radionuclides to the environment via atmospheric pathway than natural sources. This is the first time that the emissions and deposition fluxes of radionuclides from the PPs have been quantified, providing the information about their radionuclide deposition load on the surrounding environment during various time periods"
Keywords:		"Air Pollutants, Radioactive/*analysis Coal Ash/*analysis Estonia *Models, Chemical Power Plants *Radiation Monitoring Radioisotopes/*analysis Atmospheric dispersion modelling Environmental pollution Fossil fuel power plants Lead-210 Naturally occurring ra;"
Notes:		"MedlineVaasma, Taavi Kaasik, Marko Loosaar, Juri Kiisk, Madis Tkaczyk, Alan H eng England 2017/09/15 J Environ Radioact. 2017 Nov; 178-179:232-244. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.08.017. Epub 2017 Sep 12"