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J Chem Ecol

Title:		Spatiotemporal Floral Scent Variation of Penstemon digitalis
Author(s):		Burdon RC; Raguso RA; Kessler A; Parachnowitsch AL;
Address:		"Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75236, Sweden, rosalieburdon@gmail.com"
Journal Title:		J Chem Ecol
Year:		2015
Volume:		20150702
Issue:		7
Page Number:		641 - 650
DOI:		10.1007/s10886-015-0599-1
ISSN/ISBN:		1573-1561 (Electronic) 0098-0331 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Variability in floral volatile emissions can occur temporally through floral development, during diel cycles, as well as spatially within a flower. These spatiotemporal patterns are hypothesized to provide additional information to floral visitors, but they are rarely measured, and their attendant hypotheses are even more rarely tested. In Penstemon digitalis, a plant whose floral scent has been shown to be under strong phenotypic selection for seed fitness, we investigated spatiotemporal variation in floral scent by using dynamic headspace collection, respectively solid-phase microextraction, and analyzed the volatile samples by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total volatile emission was greatest during flowering and peak pollinator activity hours, suggesting its importance in mediating ecological interactions. We also detected tissue and reward-specific compounds, consistent with the hypothesis that complexity in floral scent composition reflects several ecological functions. In particular, we found tissue-specific scents for the stigma, stamens, and staminode (a modified sterile stamen common to all Penstemons). Our findings emphasize the dynamic nature of floral scents and highlight a need for greater understanding of ecological and physiological mechanisms driving spatiotemporal patterns in scent production"
Keywords:		Acyclic Monoterpenes Flowers/chemistry/*physiology Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Monoterpenes/analysis Odorants/*analysis Penstemon/chemistry/*physiology Pollination Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis;
Notes:		"MedlineBurdon, Rosalie C F Raguso, Robert A Kessler, Andre Parachnowitsch, Amy L eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2015/07/03 J Chem Ecol. 2015 Jul; 41(7):641-50. doi: 10.1007/s10886-015-0599-1. Epub 2015 Jul 2"