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J Environ Manage

Title:		Hazardous substances as the dominant non-methane volatile organic compounds with potential emissions from liquid storage tanks during well fracturing: A modeling approach
Author(s):		Chen H; Carter KE;
Address:		"Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, South Carolina, 29442, United States. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States. Electronic address: kcarte46@utk.edu"
Journal Title:		J Environ Manage
Year:		2020
Volume:		20200514
Issue:
Page Number:		110715 -
DOI:		10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110715
ISSN/ISBN:		1095-8630 (Electronic) 0301-4797 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Chemical additives used in hydraulic fracturing fluids (HFFs) are made up of various organic compounds that are potential human carcinogens. To estimate the emissions from these organic constituents in on-site liquid storage tanks, studies were performed using the AP-42 model on data collected from 72,023 wells put into production using hydraulic fracturing between 2008 and 2014 in the United States. Results show that a total of 8.11 x 10(5) kg volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were potentially emitted from liquid storage tanks during fracturing operations, which was relatively low compared to other sources/activities in well fracturing. The median well emission roughly increased from 0.110 to 0.786 kg per well in 2008 and 2014, respectively, and was primarily due to the increase in the volume of chemical additives for fracturing one well. Of NMVOC emissions, 95.1% was contributed by 60 compounds listed on the priority list of hazardous substances defined by the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR), while 16.7% was caused by 15 carcinogenic compounds. Specially, methanol, formaldehyde, 2-propanol, and ethanol accounted for 55.5%, 16.6%, 11.7%, and 8.31% of NMVOC emissions. Our study highlights methanol, formaldehyde, 2-propanol, and ethanol as the targeted compounds for reducing organic emissions and occupational inhalation exposures related to storage tank operations"
Keywords:		*Air Pollutants Hazardous Substances Humans *Hydraulic Fracking Motor Vehicles United States *Volatile Organic Compounds Water Wells Carcinogen Emission Hydraulic fracturing fluids Liquid storage tank Monte Carlo simulation Sensitivity analysis;
Notes:		"MedlineChen, Huan Carter, Kimberly E eng England 2020/06/09 J Environ Manage. 2020 Aug 15; 268:110715. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110715. Epub 2020 May 14"