| Title: | Effects of a barium-based additive on gaseous and particulate emissions of a diesel engine |
| Author(s): | Zhang Q; Liu S; Wang Z; Li R; Zhang L; Dong Z; |
| Address: | "School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Tsinghua University Suzhou Automotive Research Institute, Suzhou 215200, China. Electronic address: lstcls@ujs.edu.cn. Jiangsu Zhenjiang Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Zhenjiang 212004, China" |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128124 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1873-3336 (Electronic) 0304-3894 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "The addition of barium-based additives is one of the main methods used to suppress smoke emissions in non-road diesel engines. Herein, a commercial barium-based additive was added to diesel fuel at the manufacturer's recommended concentration and used in a non-road four-cylinder supercharged diesel engine, without an after-treatment system, in bench experiments. Regulated emissions of the diesel engine were measured, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM) were sampled. The carbonaceous fraction, water-soluble ions and inorganic elements in the PM were analyzed. Results indicated that the additive effectively reduced carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke emissions from the engine. A 71% reduction in smoke was observed at the rated working condition, which was the maximum reduction of the three tested conditions. The additive produced a 36% reduction of VOCs at the rated working condition. The proportion of high carbon number hydrocarbons in the VOCs increased while the atmospheric reactivity of the VOCs decreased. The additive suppressed the concentration of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) emissions with a maximum reduction (40%) of total carbon achieved under the rated working condition. After the application of the additive, the concentration of water-soluble ions (Cl(-), SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-), Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), NH(4)(+)) and elements (Fe, Mn, S, Ca, Ba) in the PM increased. A trend of increasing Barium content in the PM matched a similar trend of decreasing smoke" |
| Keywords: | *Air Pollutants/analysis Barium Gases Gasoline/analysis Particulate Matter/analysis *Vehicle Emissions/analysis Barium-based fuel additive Chemical fraction Diesel engine Particulate matter Volatile organic compounds; |
| Notes: | "MedlineZhang, Qixia Liu, Shuai Wang, Zhong Li, Ruina Zhang, Libin Dong, Zheng eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Netherlands 2022/01/02 J Hazard Mater. 2022 Apr 5; 427:128124. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128124. Epub 2021 Dec 21" |
