| Title: | Environmental concentration and atmospheric deposition of halogenated flame retardants in soil from Nepal: Source apportionment and soil-air partitioning |
| Author(s): | Yadav IC; Devi NL; Li J; Zhang G; |
| Address: | "State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan. Electronic address: icyadav.bhu@gmail.com. Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, BIT Campus, Patna 800014, Bihar, India. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China" |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.104 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1873-6424 (Electronic) 0269-7491 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "While various investigations have been driven on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other flame retardants (FRs) in different framework around the world, information about contamination and fate of PBDEs and other FRs in developing countries especially in the Indian subcontinent is uncommon. Nepal being located in the Indian subcontinent, very little is known about contamination level of semi-volatile organic pollutants discharged into the environment. This motivated us to investigate the environmental fate of halogenated flame retardant (HFRs) in Nepalese condition. In this study, we investigated the concentration, fate, and sources of 9 PBDEs, 2 dechlorane plus isomers (DPs), and 6 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). Moreover, air-soil exchange and soil-air partitioning were also evaluated to characterize the pattern of air-soil exchange and environmental fate. In general, the concentrations of NBFRs in soil were more prevalent than PBDEs and DPs, and accounted 95% of summation operatorHFRs. By and large, the concentrations of NBFRs and DPs were measured high in Kathmandu, while PBDEs level exceeded in Pokhara. Principal component analysis (PCA) study suggested contributions from commercial penta-, octa-, and deca-BDEs products and de-bromination of highly brominated PBDEs as the significant source of PBDEs. Likewise, low f(anti) ratio suggested DPs in soil might have originated from long-range atmospheric transport from remote areas, while high levels of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in soil were linked with the use of wide varieties of consumer products. The estimated fugacity fraction (ff) for individual HFR was quite lower (<0.05) than equilibrium value, suggesting that deposition and net transport from air to the soil is overwhelming. Soil-air partitioning study revealed neither octanol-air partition coefficient (K(OA)) nor black carbon partition coefficient (K(BC-A)) is an appropriate surrogate for soil organic matter (SOM), subsequently, absorption by SOM has no or little role in the partitioning of HFRs" |
| Keywords: | "Air Pollutants/*analysis Bromobenzenes/analysis *Environmental Monitoring Flame Retardants/*analysis Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis Halogenation Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/analysis Nepal Polycyclic Compounds/analysis Soil/*chemistry Soil Pollutants/*;" |
| Notes: | "MedlineYadav, Ishwar Chandra Devi, Ningombam Linthoingambi Li, Jun Zhang, Gan eng England 2017/11/07 Environ Pollut. 2018 Feb; 233:642-654. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.104. Epub 2017 Nov 5" |
