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Environ Pollut

Title:		Lipid biomarkers and metal pollution in the Holocene record of Cartagena Bay (SE Spain): Coupled natural and human induced environmental history in Punic and Roman times
Author(s):		Ortiz JE; Torres T; Sanchez-Palencia Y; Ros M; Ramallo S; Lopez-Cilla I; Galan LA; Manteca I; Rodriguez-Estrella T; Blazquez A; Gomez-Borrego A; Ruiz-Zapata B; Gil MJ;
Address:		"Laboratorio de Estratigrafia Biomolecular. E.T.S.I. Minas y Energia de Madrid, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, C/ Rios Rosas 21, 28003, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: joseeugenio.ortiz@upm.es. Laboratorio de Estratigrafia Biomolecular. E.T.S.I. Minas y Energia de Madrid, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, C/ Rios Rosas 21, 28003, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: trinidad.torres@upm.es. Laboratorio de Estratigrafia Biomolecular. E.T.S.I. Minas y Energia de Madrid, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, C/ Rios Rosas 21, 28003, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: yolanda.sanchezpalencia@upm.es. Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueologia, Historia Antigua, Historia Medieval y Ciencias y Tecnicas Historiograficas, Universidad de Murcia, C/ Santo Cristo, 1, 30001, Murcia, Spain. Electronic address: milaros@um.es. Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueologia, Historia Antigua, Historia Medieval y Ciencias y Tecnicas Historiograficas, Universidad de Murcia, C/ Santo Cristo, 1, 30001, Murcia, Spain. Electronic address: sfra@um.es. Departamento de Infraestructura Geocientifica y Servicios, IGME, C/Rios Rosas 23, 28003, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: i.lopezcilla@gmail.com. Departamento de Infraestructura Geocientifica y Servicios, IGME, C/Rios Rosas 23, 28003, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: l.galan@igme.es. Departamento de Ingenieria Minera, Geologica y Cartografica, Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena. Paseo Alfonso XIII, 52, 30203, Cartagena, Spain. Electronic address: nacho.manteca@upct.es. Departamento de Ingenieria Minera, Geologica y Cartografica, Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena. Paseo Alfonso XIII, 52, 30203, Cartagena, Spain. Electronic address: tomasrestrella@hotmail.com. Institute of Environment and Marine Science Research (IMEDMAR). Universidad Catolica de Valencia, C/ Guillem de Castro, 94, 46003, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: ana.m.blazquez@uv.es. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia del Carbono (INCAR- CSIC), Francisco Pintado Fe 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain. Electronic address: angeles.g.borrego@csic.es. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Alcala de Henares, 28805, Alcala de Henares, Spain. Electronic address: blanca.ruiz@uah.es. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Alcala de Henares, 28805, Alcala de Henares, Spain. Electronic address: mjose.gil@uah.es"
Journal Title:		Environ Pollut
Year:		2022
Volume:		20220103
Issue:
Page Number:		118775 -
DOI:		10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118775
ISSN/ISBN:		1873-6424 (Electronic) 0269-7491 (Linking)
Abstract:		"We reconstructed the palaeoenvironmental conditions of Cartagena Bay during the Holocene after a multidisciplinary study to identify natural variations and the anthropic processes of this coastal area. A total of 119 samples were recovered for amino acid racemization dating, 3 for radiocarbon dating ((14)C), and four sets of 80 samples for sedimentological and palaeontological determination, mineralogical content, biomarker and trace elements quantification. Two natural scenarios were identified from the variations of n-alkane indices and palaeobiological content. The first period (6650-5750 yr cal BP) was marked by the development of euhaline marine conditions with strong inputs from aquatic macrophytes and high biodiversity. After a hiatus, the area underwent a profound change, becoming a paucispecific brackish marsh environment with increasing inputs from land plants, with possible episodes of emersion with a greater presence from terrestrial gastropods (3600-300 cal yr BP). By combining trace element abundance and stanol distributions, our study also provides a novel approach to identify the predominant influence of anthropogenic factors in the last three millennia in the coastal record of Cartagena Bay. Findings confirmed that Pb mining and metallurgy began during the Bronze Age, with considerable inputs of this heavy metal into the atmosphere during Phoenician, Punic and particularly Roman times compared to the Middle Ages. Pollution by Cu and Zn was also observed during Punic and Roman times, and was first documented in the Middle Ages. In addition, faecal stanols, such as coprostanol, derived mainly from humans, and 24-ethylcoprostanol from herbivores were present, thereby indicating for the first time a continuous presence of human populations and significant pollution input since 3600 yr cal BP, this being greater in the late Bronze Age and Phoenician, Punic and Roman times than during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when the city was in decline"
Keywords:		"Anthropogenic Effects *Bays Biomarkers Environmental Monitoring Geologic Sediments Humans Lipids *Metals, Heavy/analysis Spain Faecal stanols Palaeoenvironment Southeastern Spain Trace elements n-Alkanes;"
Notes:		"MedlineOrtiz, Jose E Torres, Trinidad Sanchez-Palencia, Yolanda Ros, Milagros Ramallo, Sebastian Lopez-Cilla, Ignacio Galan, Luis A Manteca, Ignacio Rodriguez-Estrella, Tomas Blazquez, Ana Gomez-Borrego, Angeles Ruiz-Zapata, Blanca Gil, Maria Jose eng England 2022/01/07 Environ Pollut. 2022 Mar 15; 297:118775. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118775. Epub 2022 Jan 3"