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Front Public Health

Title:		"Exposures and Emissions in Coffee Roasting Facilities and Cafes: Diacetyl, 2,3-Pentanedione, and Other Volatile Organic Compounds"
Author(s):		LeBouf RF; Blackley BH; Fortner AR; Stanton M; Martin SB; Groth CP; McClelland TL; Duling MG; Burns DA; Ranpara A; Edwards N; Fedan KB; Bailey RL; Cummings KJ; Nett RJ; Cox-Ganser JM; Virji MA;
Address:		"Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States. Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States. California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, United States"
Journal Title:		Front Public Health
Year:		2020
Volume:		20200918
Issue:
Page Number:		561740 -
DOI:		10.3389/fpubh.2020.561740
ISSN/ISBN:		2296-2565 (Print) 2296-2565 (Electronic) 2296-2565 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Roasted coffee and many coffee flavorings emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. Exposures to VOCs during roasting, packaging, grinding, and flavoring coffee can negatively impact the respiratory health of workers. Inhalational exposures to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione can cause obliterative bronchiolitis. This study summarizes exposures to and emissions of VOCs in 17 coffee roasting and packaging facilities that included 10 cafes. We collected 415 personal and 760 area full-shift, and 606 personal task-based air samples for diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, 2,3-hexanedione, and acetoin using silica gel tubes. We also collected 296 instantaneous activity and 312 instantaneous source air measurements for 18 VOCs using evacuated canisters. The highest personal full-shift exposure in part per billion (ppb) to diacetyl [geometric mean (GM) 21 ppb; 95th percentile (P95) 79 ppb] and 2,3-pentanedione (GM 15 ppb; P95 52 ppb) were measured for production workers in flavored coffee production areas. These workers also had the highest percentage of measurements above the NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) for diacetyl (95%) and 2,3-pentanedione (77%). Personal exposures to diacetyl (GM 0.9 ppb; P95 6.0 ppb) and 2,3-pentanedione (GM 0.7 ppb; P95 4.4 ppb) were the lowest for non-production workers of facilities that did not flavor coffee. Job groups with the highest personal full-shift exposures to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione were flavoring workers (GM 34 and 38 ppb), packaging workers (GM 27 and 19 ppb) and grinder operator (GM 26 and 22 ppb), respectively, in flavored coffee facilities, and packaging workers (GM 8.0 and 4.4 ppb) and production workers (GM 6.3 and 4.6 ppb) in non-flavored coffee facilities. Baristas in cafes had mean full-shift exposures below the RELs (GM 4.1 ppb diacetyl; GM 4.6 ppb 2,3-pentanedione). The tasks, activities, and sources associated with flavoring in flavored coffee facilities and grinding in non-flavored coffee facilities, had some of the highest GM and P95 estimates for both diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. Controlling emissions at grinding machines and flavoring areas and isolating higher exposure areas (e.g., flavoring, grinding, and packaging areas) from the main production space and from administrative or non-production spaces is essential for maintaining exposure control"
Keywords:		"Coffee/adverse effects Diacetyl/adverse effects Humans *Occupational Exposure/analysis Pentanones United States *Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis 2, 3-pentanedione (acetyl propionyl) cafe coffee roasting and packaging diacetyl exposure assessment volati;"
Notes:		"MedlineLeBouf, Ryan F Blackley, Brie Hawley Fortner, Alyson R Stanton, Marcia Martin, Stephen B Groth, Caroline P McClelland, Tia L Duling, Matthew G Burns, Dru A Ranpara, Anand Edwards, Nicole Fedan, Kathleen B Bailey, Rachel L Cummings, Kristin J Nett, Randall J Cox-Ganser, Jean M Virji, M Abbas eng Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Switzerland 2020/10/20 Front Public Health. 2020 Sep 18; 8:561740. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.561740. eCollection 2020"