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Arch Toxicol

Title:		Long-term simulation of lead concentrations in agricultural soils in relation to human adverse health effects
Author(s):		Schupp T; Damm G; Foth H; Freyberger A; Gebel T; Gundert-Remy U; Hengstler JG; Mangerich A; Partosch F; Rohl C; Wollin KM;
Address:		"Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Muenster University of Applied Science, Stegerwaldstrasse 39, 48565, Steinfurt, Germany. thomas.schupp@fh-muenster.de. Department fur Hepatobiliare Chirurgie und Viszerale Transplantation, Universitat Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. Institut fur Umwelttoxikologie, Martin Luther Universitat Halle, Franzosenweg 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany. Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Bayer Aktiengesellschaft, Aprather Weg 18a, 421113, Wuppertal, Germany. Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Friedrich-Henkel-Weg 1-25, 44149, Dortmund, Germany. Charite, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. Leibniz-Institut fur Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany. Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Box 628, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. Institut fur Arbeitsmedizin, Universitatsmedizin Gottingen, Waldweg 37b, 37073, Gottingen, Germany. Department of Environmental Health Protection, Schleswig-Holstein State Agency for Social Services, 24105, Kiel, Germany. Niedersachsisches Landesgesundheitsamt, 30449, Hannover, Germany"
Journal Title:		Arch Toxicol
Year:		2020
Volume:		20200505
Issue:		7
Page Number:		2319 - 2329
DOI:		10.1007/s00204-020-02762-x
ISSN/ISBN:		1432-0738 (Electronic) 0340-5761 (Print) 0340-5761 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Lead (Pb) exposure of consumers and the environment has been reduced over the past decades. Despite all measures taken, immission of Pb onto agricultural soils still occurs, with fertilizer application, lead shot from hunting activities, and Pb from air deposition representing major sources. Little is known about the intermediate and long-term consequences of these emissions. To gain more insight, we established a mathematical model that considers input from fertilizer, ammunition, deposition from air, uptake of Pb by crops, and wash-out to simulate the resulting Pb concentrations in soil over extended periods. In a further step, human oral exposure by crop-based food was simulated and blood concentrations were derived to estimate the margin of exposure to Pb-induced toxic effects. Simulating current farming scenarios, a new equilibrium concentration of Pb in soil would be established after several centuries. Developmental neurotoxicity represents the most critical toxicological effect of Pb for humans. According to our model, a Pb concentration of ~ 5 mg/kg in agricultural soil leads to an intake of approximately 10 microg Pb per person per day by the consumption of agricultural products, the dose corresponding to the tolerable daily intake (TDI). Therefore, 5 mg Pb/kg represents a critical concentration in soil that should not be exceeded. Starting with a soil concentration of 0.1 mg/kg, the current control level for crop fields, our simulation predicts periods of ~ 50 and ~ 175 years for two Pb immission scenarios for mass of Pb per area and year [scenario 1: ~ 400 g Pb/(ha x a); scenario 2: ~ 175 g Pb/(ha x a)], until the critical concentration of ~ 5 mg/kg Pb in soil would be reached. The two scenarios, which differ in their Pb input via fertilizer, represent relatively high but not unrealistic Pb immissions. From these scenarios, we calculated that the annual deposition of Pb onto soil should remain below ~ 100 g/(ha x a) in order not to exceed the critical soil level of 5 mg/kg. We propose as efficient measures to reduce Pb input into agricultural soil to lower the Pb content of compost and to use alternatives to Pb ammunition for hunting"
Keywords:		"Consumer Product Safety Crop Production Crops, Agricultural/growth & development/*metabolism Environmental Monitoring Farms Fertilizers/*adverse effects/analysis *Food Contamination Food Supply Humans Lead/*adverse effects/analysis/blood Lead Poisoning/bl;"
Notes:		"MedlineSchupp, Thomas Damm, Georg Foth, Heidi Freyberger, Alexius Gebel, Thomas Gundert-Remy, Ursula Hengstler, Jan G Mangerich, Aswin Partosch, Falko Rohl, Claudia Wollin, Klaus-Michael eng Germany 2020/05/07 Arch Toxicol. 2020 Jul; 94(7):2319-2329. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02762-x. Epub 2020 May 5"