| Title: | alpha-Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles and hazardous air pollutants release during cooking using cast iron wok in a commercial Chinese restaurant |
| Author(s): | Le YT; Youn JS; Cho H; Jeon K; Lim J; Jeon KJ; |
| Address: | "Program on Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea. Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, South Korea. Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea. National Institute of Environmental Research, Global Environment Research Division, Incheon, 22689, South Korea. Program on Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea; Particle Pollution Research and Management Center, Incheon, 21999, South Korea. Electronic address: kjjeon@inha.ac.kr" |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119578 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1873-6424 (Electronic) 0269-7491 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "Long-term exposure to fine particles (PM(2.5)), ultrafine particles (UFPs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from cooking has been linked to adverse human health effects. Here, we measured the real-time number size distribution of particles emitted when cooking two served food in Chinese restaurants and estimated the emission rate of UFPs and PM(2.5). Experiments were conducted under a control hood, and both online measurement and offline analysis of PM(2.5) were carried out. The measured emission rates of PM(2.5) generated from deep-frying and grilling were 0.68 +/- 0.11 mg/min and 1.58 +/- 0.25 mg/min, respectively. Moreover, the UFPs emission rate of deep-frying (4.3 x 10(9) #/min) is three times higher than that of grilling (1.4 x 10(9) #/min). Additionally, the PM(2.5) emission of deep-frying was comprised of a considerable amount of alpha-Fe(2)O(3) (5.7% of PM(2.5) total mass), which is more toxic than other iron oxide species. A total of six carcinogenic HAPs were detected, among which formaldehyde, acrolein, and acetaldehyde were found to exceed the inhalation reference concentration (RfC) for both cooking methods. These findings can contribute to future evaluation of single particle and HAPs emission from cooking to better support toxicity assessment" |
| Keywords: | "*Air Pollutants/analysis *Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis China Cooking/methods Environmental Monitoring/methods Humans Iron/analysis *Nanoparticles/analysis Particle Size Particulate Matter/analysis Restaurants Emission rate Metal in PM(2.5) emission Sing;" |
| Notes: | "MedlineLe, Yen Thi-Hoang Youn, Jong-Sang Cho, Hyunwook Jeon, Kwonho Lim, Jaehyun Jeon, Ki-Joon eng England 2022/06/11 Environ Pollut. 2022 Aug 15; 307:119578. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119578. Epub 2022 Jun 7" |
