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Environ Res

Title:		Levels of selected urinary metabolites of volatile organic compounds among children aged 6-11 years
Author(s):		Jain RB;
Address:		"2959 Estate View Court, Dacula, GA 30019, USA. Electronic address: Jain.ram.b@gmail.com"
Journal Title:		Environ Res
Year:		2015
Volume:		20150807
Issue:
Page Number:		461 - 470
DOI:		10.1016/j.envres.2015.07.023
ISSN/ISBN:		1096-0953 (Electronic) 0013-9351 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2011-2012 were used to evaluate variability in the observed levels of 20 urinary metabolites of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by age, gender, and race/ethnicity among children aged 6-11 years. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was positively associated with the levels of selected metabolites of acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, cyanide, and propylene oxide in a dose-response manner. Levels of the selected metabolites of acrolein, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, styrene, toluene, and xylene decreased with increase in age. Levels of 1-bromopropane decreased with number of rooms in the house but the reverse was true for 1,3-butadiene, carbon-disulfide, and N,N-dimethylformamide. Levels of most of the 20 metabolites did not vary with gender. Non-Hispanic white children had higher adjusted levels of N-Acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), N-Acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-L-cysteine (AMCC), and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) than non-Hispanic black children. Non-Hispanic white children had statistically significantly higher adjusted levels of N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA), trans, trans-Muconic acid (MU), and N-Acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-L-cysteine (AMCC) than non-Hispanic Asian children but statistically significantly lower levels of N-Acetyl-S-(n-propyl)-L-cysteine (BPMA) than non-Hispanic Asian children. Non-Hispanic Asian children had the lowest levels of 13 of the 20 metabolites among four major racial/ethnic groups but highest levels for three metabolites. For selected metabolites of acrolein, acrylamide, acrylonitrile-vinyl chloride-ethylene oxide, benzene, 1,3-butadien, crotonaldehyde, cyanide, ethylbenzene-styrene, and toluene, children had statistically significantly higher levels than nonsmoking adults. These results demonstrate how vulnerable children are to being exposed to harmful chemicals like VOCs in their own homes"
Keywords:		Air Pollutants/metabolism/*urine Child Environmental Monitoring/*methods Female Humans Inhalation Exposure/*analysis Male Multivariate Analysis *Nutrition Surveys Racial Groups Regression Analysis Sex Factors Tobacco Smoke Pollution/*analysis United State;
Notes:		"MedlineJain, Ram B eng Netherlands 2015/08/11 Environ Res. 2015 Oct; 142:461-70. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.07.023. Epub 2015 Aug 7"