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Sci Rep

Title:		Male flowers of Aconitum compensate for toxic pollen with increased floral signals and rewards for pollinators
Author(s):		Jacquemart AL; Buyens C; Herent MF; Quetin-Leclercq J; Lognay G; Hance T; Quinet M;
Address:		"Earth and Life Institute- Agronomy - Universite catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, Box L7.05.14, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. anne-laure.jacquemart@uclouvain.be. Earth and Life Institute- Agronomy - Universite catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, Box L7.05.14, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacognosy Research Group - Universite catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 72, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium. Analytical Chemistry, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Universite de Liege, Passage des Deportes 2, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium. Earth and Life Institute - Biodiversity - Universite catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4, Box L7.07.04, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"
Journal Title:		Sci Rep
Year:		2019
Volume:		20191111
Issue:		1
Page Number:		16498 -
DOI:		10.1038/s41598-019-53355-3
ISSN/ISBN:		2045-2322 (Electronic) 2045-2322 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Many plants require animal pollinators for successful reproduction; these plants provide pollinator resources in pollen and nectar (rewards) and attract pollinators by specific cues (signals). In a seeming contradiction, some plants produce toxins such as alkaloids in their pollen and nectar, protecting their resources from ineffective pollinators. We investigated signals and rewards in the toxic, protandrous bee-pollinated plant Aconitum napellus, hypothesizing that male-phase flower reproductive success is pollinator-limited, which should favour higher levels of signals (odours) and rewards (nectar and pollen) compared with female-phase flowers. Furthermore, we expected insect visitors to forage only for nectar, due to the toxicity of pollen. We demonstrated that male-phase flowers emitted more volatile molecules and produced higher volumes of nectar than female-phase flowers. Alkaloids in pollen functioned as chemical defences, and were more diverse and more concentrated compared to the alkaloids in nectar. Visitors actively collected little pollen for larval food but consumed more of the less-toxic nectar. Toxic pollen remaining on the bee bodies promoted pollen transfer efficiency, facilitating pollination"
Keywords:		Aconitum/*physiology Alkaloids Animals Biological Evolution Flowers/*physiology Plant Nectar/chemistry *Plant Physiological Phenomena *Pollen/chemistry *Pollination *Reproduction;
Notes:		"MedlineJacquemart, A-L Buyens, C Herent, M-F Quetin-Leclercq, J Lognay, G Hance, T Quinet, M eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England 2019/11/13 Sci Rep. 2019 Nov 11; 9(1):16498. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53355-3"