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Anal Chem

Title:		A Chemical Alphabet for Macromolecular Communications
Author(s):		Giannoukos S; McGuiness DT; Marshall A; Smith J; Taylor S;
Address:		"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics , University of Liverpool , Brownlow Hill , Liverpool , L69 3GJ , United Kingdom"
Journal Title:		Anal Chem
Year:		2018
Volume:		20180608
Issue:		12
Page Number:		7739 - 7746
DOI:		10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01716
ISSN/ISBN:		1520-6882 (Electronic) 0003-2700 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Molecular communications in macroscale environments is an emerging field of study driven by the intriguing prospect of sending coded information over olfactory networks. For the first time, this article reports two signal modulation techniques (on-off keying-OOK, and concentration shift keying-CSK) which have been used to encode and transmit digital information using odors over distances of 1-4 m. Molecular transmission of digital data was experimentally investigated for the letter 'r' with a binary value of 01110010 (ASCII) for a gas stream network channel (up to 4 m) using mass spectrometry (MS) as the main detection-decoding system. The generation and modulation of the chemical signals was achieved using an automated odor emitter (OE) which is based on the controlled evaporation of a chemical analyte and its diffusion into a carrier gas stream. The chemical signals produced propagate within a confined channel to reach the demodulator-MS. Experiments were undertaken for a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with different diffusion coefficient values in air at ambient conditions. Representative compounds investigated include acetone, cyclopentane, and n-hexane. For the first time, the binary code ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is combined with chemical signaling to generate a molecular representation of the English alphabet. Transmission experiments of fixed-width molecular signals corresponding to letters of the alphabet over varying distances are shown. A binary message corresponding to the word 'ion' was synthesized using chemical signals and transmitted within a physical channel over a distance of 2 m"
Keywords:
Notes:		"PubMed-not-MEDLINEGiannoukos, Stamatios McGuiness, Daniel Tunc Marshall, Alan Smith, Jeremy Taylor, Stephen eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2018/06/01 Anal Chem. 2018 Jun 19; 90(12):7739-7746. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01716. Epub 2018 Jun 8"