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Regul Toxicol Pharmacol

Title:		Monte-Carlo and multi-exposure assessment for the derivation of criteria for disinfection byproducts and volatile organic compounds in drinking water: Allocation factors and liter-equivalents per day
Author(s):		Akiyama M; Matsui Y; Kido J; Matsushita T; Shirasaki N;
Address:		"Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan. Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan. Electronic address: matsui@eng.hokudai.ac.jp. Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan. Electronic address: taku-m@eng.hokudai.ac.jp. Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan. Electronic address: nobutaka@eng.hokudai.ac.jp"
Journal Title:		Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
Year:		2018
Volume:		20180316
Issue:
Page Number:		161 - 174
DOI:		10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.009
ISSN/ISBN:		1096-0295 (Electronic) 0273-2300 (Linking)
Abstract:		"The probability distributions of total potential doses of disinfection byproducts and volatile organic compounds via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure were estimated with Monte Carlo simulations, after conducting physiologically based pharmacokinetic model simulations to takes into account the differences in availability between the three exposures. If the criterion that the 95th percentile estimate equals the TDI (tolerable daily intake) is regarded as protecting the majority of a population, the drinking water criteria would be 140 (trichloromethane), 66 (bromodichloromethane), 157 (dibromochloromethane), 203 (tribromomethane), 140 (dichloroacetic acid), 78 (trichloroacetic acid), 6.55 (trichloroethylene, TCE), and 22?ª+mug/L (perchloroethylene). The TCE criterion was lower than the Japanese Drinking Water Quality Standard (10?ª+mug/L). The latter would allow the intake of 20% of the population to exceed the TDI. Indirect inhalation via evaporation from water, especially in bathrooms, was the major route of exposure to compounds other than haloacetic acids (HAAs) and accounted for 1.2-9 liter-equivalents/day for the median-exposure subpopulation. The ingestion of food was a major indirect route of exposure to HAAs. Contributions of direct water intake were not very different for trihalomethanes (30-45% of TDIs) and HAAs (45-52% of TDIs)"
Keywords:		"Adult Body Weight *Disinfection Drinking *Drinking Water Eating Environmental Exposure/*analysis Humans Hydrocarbons, Halogenated/*analysis Models, Biological Monte Carlo Method Risk Assessment Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis Water Pollutants, Chemic;"
Notes:		"MedlineAkiyama, Megumi Matsui, Yoshihiko Kido, Junki Matsushita, Taku Shirasaki, Nobutaka eng Netherlands 2018/03/21 Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018 Jun; 95:161-174. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.009. Epub 2018 Mar 16"