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Chemosphere

Title:		Flare exhaust: An underestimated pollution source in municipal solid waste landfills
Author(s):		Wang Y; Zhang H; Zhang H; Kang X; Xu X; Wang R; Zou H; Chen W; Pan D; Lu F; He P;
Address:		"Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai 200092, China. Hangzhou Environmental Group Company Limited, Hangzhou 310022, China. Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai 200092, China. Electronic address: solidwaste@tongji.edu.cn"
Journal Title:		Chemosphere
Year:		2023
Volume:		20230306
Issue:
Page Number:		138327 -
DOI:		10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138327
ISSN/ISBN:		1879-1298 (Electronic) 0045-6535 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Flares are commonly used in municipal solid waste landfills, and the pollution from flare exhaust is usually underestimated. This study aimed to reveal the odorants, hazardous pollutants, and greenhouse gas emission characteristics of the flare exhaust. Odorants, hazardous pollutants, and greenhouse gases emitted from air-assisted flares and a diffusion flare were analyzed, the priority monitoring pollutants were identified, and the combustion and odorant removal efficiencies of the flares were estimated. The concentrations of most odorants and the sum of odor activity values decreased significantly after combustion, but the odor concentration could still exceed 2,000. The odorants in the flare exhaust were dominated by oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), while the major odor contributors were OVOCs and sulfur compounds. Hazardous pollutants, including carcinogens, acute toxic pollutants, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and ozone precursors with the total ozone formation potential up to 75 ppm(v), as well as greenhouse gases (methane and nitrous oxide with maximum concentrations of 4,000 and 1.9 ppm(v), respectively) were emitted from the flares. Additionally, secondary pollutants, such as acetaldehyde and benzene, were formed during combustion. The combustion performance of the flares varied with landfill gas composition and flare design. The combustion and pollutant removal efficiencies could be lower than 90%, especially for the diffusion flare. Acetaldehyde, benzene, toluene, p-cymene, limonene, hydrogen sulfide, and methane could be priority monitoring pollutants for flare emissions in landfills. Flares are useful for odor and greenhouse gas control in landfills, but they are also potential sources of odor, hazardous pollutants, and greenhouse gases"
Keywords:		Solid Waste *Air Pollutants/analysis *Greenhouse Gases Benzene/analysis Vehicle Emissions *Environmental Pollutants Acetaldehyde Waste Disposal Facilities Methane/analysis *Ozone *Refuse Disposal Odorants/analysis Flare Greenhouse gas Hazardous pollutant;
Notes:		"MedlineWang, Yujing Zhang, Hua Zhang, Haihua Kang, Xinyue Xu, Xiangyu Wang, Ruiheng Zou, Huihuang Chen, Wenwen Pan, Duo Lu, Fan He, Pinjing eng England 2023/03/09 Chemosphere. 2023 Jun; 325:138327. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138327. Epub 2023 Mar 6"