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J Environ Manage

Title:		Main and side stream effects of electronic cigarettes
Author(s):		Papaefstathiou E; Stylianou M; Agapiou A;
Address:		"Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus. Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus. Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus. Electronic address: agapiou.agapios@ucy.ac.cy"
Journal Title:		J Environ Manage
Year:		2019
Volume:		20190302
Issue:
Page Number:		10 - 17
DOI:		10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.030
ISSN/ISBN:		1095-8630 (Electronic) 0301-4797 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Over the last decade there has been a significant boost towards the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), especially among youth. Different concentrations of propylene glycol (PG) or vegetable glycerin (VG), flavors and nicotine are mixed in plastic cartridges and commercially offered or privately produced by the vapers. During vaping, a mixture of air and vapors is inhaled to the lungs. Since the ingredients of the e-cigarettes are not burned but vaporized (heated), fewer chemicals are emitted. The levels of potentially toxic compounds (e.g. volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), metals, radicals, nitrosamines, etc.) emitted from vaping appear to be lower compared to that of tobacco smoking (from combustible cigarettes). Nevertheless, measurable toxic elements and VOCs are still released (e.g. acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acrolein, benzene, etc.) along with other volatiles associated with e-liquid flavoring and device variability with PG and VG. The wide range of available flavors at various purities along with the heating temperature are important parameters affecting the evolution of VOCs and aerosols. There is lack of standardized short- and long-term epidemiological medical data (chronic exposure) on e-cigarettes effects to users, non-users and the human micro-environment (second- or third-hand exposure). Therefore, the potential health, safety and environmental effects of vaping are reviewed, examined and discussed"
Keywords:		Aerosols *Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Humans Nicotine Particulate Matter Rivers E-cigarette Environmental impact assessment Gc-ms VOCs Vaping;
Notes:		"MedlinePapaefstathiou, E Stylianou, M Agapiou, A eng Review England 2019/03/06 J Environ Manage. 2019 May 15; 238:10-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.030. Epub 2019 Mar 2"