| Title: | Induction of domoic acid production in diatoms-Types of grazers and diatoms are important |
| Author(s): | Lundholm N; Krock B; John U; Skov J; Cheng J; Pancic M; Wohlrab S; Rigby K; Nielsen TG; Selander E; Harethardottir S; |
| Address: | "Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Solvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: nlundholm@snm.ku.dk. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. Electronic address: bernd.krock@awi.de. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Ammerlander Heerstrasse 231, 23129 Oldenburg, Germany. Electronic address: uwe.john@awi.de. Technical and Environmental Administration, Environmental Protection Department, Water and EIA, The City of Copenhagen, Njalsgade 13, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark. Electronic address: jskov18@gmail.com. College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China. Electronic address: chengjinfeng@nwafu.edu.cn. Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Solvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Ocean Life, Technical University of Denmark, Building 202 Kemitorvet, Lyngby Campus, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. Electronic address: marpan@aqua.dtu.dk. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Ammerlander Heerstrasse 231, 23129 Oldenburg, Germany. Electronic address: sylke.wohlrab@awi.de. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergsgata 22B, SE 450 30 Goteborg, Sweden. National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Building 201 Kemitorvet, Lyngby Campus, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. Electronic address: tgin@aqua.dtu.dk. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergsgata 22B, SE 450 30 Goteborg, Sweden. Electronic address: erik.selander@marine.gu.se. Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Solvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: sara.Harethardottir@snm.ku.dk" |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.005 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1878-1470 (Electronic) 1568-9883 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "Grazers can induce toxin (domoic acid, DA) production in diatoms. The toxic response has been observed in two species of Pseudo-nitzschia and was induced by Calanus copepods. In this study, interactions between diatoms and copepods were further explored using different species of diatoms and copepods. All herbivorous copepods induced toxin production, whereas exposure to carnivorous copepods did not. In line with this, increasing the number of herbivorous copepods resulted in even higher toxin production. The induced response is thus only elicited by copepods that pose a real threat to the responding cells, which supports that the induced toxin production in diatoms evolved as an inducible defense. The cellular toxin content in Pseudo-nitzschia was positively correlated to the concentration of a group of specific polar lipids called copepodamides that are excreted by the copepods. This suggests that copepodamides are the chemical cues responsible for triggering the toxin production. Carnivorous copepods were found to produce less or no copepodamides. Among the diatoms exposed to grazing herbivorous copepods, only two of six species of Pseudo-nitzschia and none of the Nitzschia or Fragilariopsis strains responded by producing DA, indicating that not all Pseudo-nitzschia species/strains are able to produce DA, and that different diatom species might have different strategies for coping with grazing pressure. Growth rate was negatively correlated to cellular domoic acid content indicating an allocation cost associated with toxin production. Long-term grazing experiments showed higher mortality rates of grazers fed toxic diatoms, supporting the hypothesis that DA production is an induced defense mechanism" |
| Keywords: | Animals Biological Coevolution Copepoda/*physiology Diatoms/*physiology Herbivory Kainic Acid/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism/toxicity Co-evolution Copepod Cost Defensive response Diatom Domoic acid Grazing Induction Pseudo-nitzschia Toxin production Tr; |
| Notes: | "MedlineLundholm, Nina Krock, Bernd John, Uwe Skov, Jette Cheng, Jinfeng Pancic, Marina Wohlrab, Sylke Rigby, Kristie Nielsen, Torkel Gissel Selander, Erik Harethardottir, Sara eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Netherlands 2018/11/14 Harmful Algae. 2018 Nov; 79:64-73. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.005. Epub 2018 Jul 2" |
