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Semin Nephrol

Title:		Gases as uremic toxins: is there something in the air?
Author(s):		Jankowski J; Westhof T; Vaziri ND; Ingrosso D; Perna AF;
Address:		"Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany. Ruhr-University of Bochum, Marienhospital, Medizinische Klinik I, Herne, Germany. Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Schools of Medicine and Biological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA. Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. Joachim Janchowski and Tim Westhof contributed equally. Electronic address: alessandra.perna@unina2.it"
Journal Title:		Semin Nephrol
Year:		2014
Volume:		20140218
Issue:		2
Page Number:		135 - 150
DOI:		10.1016/j.semnephrol.2014.02.006
ISSN/ISBN:		1558-4488 (Electronic) 0270-9295 (Linking)
Abstract:		"The field of uremic toxicity comprises the study of a large number of different substances, classified in relation to various characteristics, for example, protein-binding, dimensions, and so forth. The endogenous compounds of a gaseous nature have received much attention lately from the scientific community because of their increasingly recognized importance in health and disease. Among these substances, some are uremic toxins per se, others are related to uremic toxins, or can become toxic under some circumstances. We divided them into two broad categories: organic and inorganic compounds. Among the organic compounds are phenols, indols, 2-methoxyresorcinol, p-hydroxy hippuric acid and phenyl acetic acid, trimethylamine, and dimethylamine; among the inorganic solutes are ammonia, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide. In this article, these substances are described in relation to the elements that they affect or by which they are affected in uremia, which are the blood, breath, stools, and the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the effect of the dialysis procedure on exhaled gases are described"
Keywords:		"Animals Breath Tests Carbon Monoxide/metabolism Feces *Gases Gastrointestinal Tract Humans Nitric Oxide/metabolism Renal Dialysis *Toxins, Biological Uremia/*etiology Volatile Organic Compounds/metabolism Volatile organic compounds ammonia carbon monoxide;"
Notes:		"MedlineJankowski, Joachim Westhof, Timm Vaziri, Nosratola D Ingrosso, Diego Perna, Alessandra F eng 2014/05/02 Semin Nephrol. 2014 Mar; 34(2):135-50. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2014.02.006. Epub 2014 Feb 18"