| Title: | Flavor-cyber-agriculture: Optimization of plant metabolites in an open-source control environment through surrogate modeling |
| Author(s): | Johnson AJ; Meyerson E; de la Parra J; Savas TL; Miikkulainen R; Harper CB; |
| Address: | "Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America. Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America. Cognizant Technology Solutions, San Francisco, California, United States of America. Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America" |
| DOI: | 10.1371/journal.pone.0213918 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "Food production in conventional agriculture faces numerous challenges such as reducing waste, meeting demand, maintaining flavor, and providing nutrition. Contained environments under artificial climate control, or cyber-agriculture, could in principle be used to meet many of these challenges. Through such environments, phenotypic expression of the plant-mass, edible yield, flavor, and nutrients-can be actuated through a 'climate recipe,' where light, water, nutrients, temperature, and other climate and ecological variables are optimized to achieve a desired result. This paper describes a method for doing this optimization for the desired result of flavor by combining cyber-agriculture, metabolomic phenotype (chemotype) measurements, and machine learning. In a pilot experiment, (1) environmental conditions, i.e. photoperiod and ultraviolet (UV) light (known to affect production of flavor-active molecules in edible plants) were applied under different regimes to basil plants (Ocimum basilicum) growing inside a hydroponic farm with an open-source design; (2) flavor-active volatile molecules were measured in each plant using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); and (3) symbolic regression was used to construct a surrogate model of this chemistry from the input environmental variables, and this model was used to discover new combinations of photoperiod and UV light to increase this chemistry. These new combinations, or climate recipes, were then implemented in the hydroponic farm, and several of them resulted in a marked increase in volatiles over control. The process also led to two important insights: it demonstrated a 'dilution effect', i.e. a negative correlation between weight and desirable chemical species, and it discovered the surprising effect that a 24-hour photoperiod of photosynthetic-active radiation, the equivalent of all-day light, induces the most flavor molecule production in basil. In this manner, surrogate optimization through machine learning can be used to discover effective recipes for cyber-agriculture that would be difficult and time-consuming to find using hand-designed experiments" |
| Keywords: | "Agriculture/*methods Cybernetics/*methods *Environment, Controlled Machine Learning Metabolomics Ocimum basilicum/*metabolism Pilot Projects Plant Leaves/*metabolism Research Design Volatile Organic Compounds/metabolism;" |
| Notes: | "MedlineJohnson, Arielle J Meyerson, Elliot de la Parra, John Savas, Timothy L Miikkulainen, Risto Harper, Caleb B eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Retracted Publication 2019/04/04 PLoS One. 2019 Apr 3; 14(4):e0213918. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213918. eCollection 2019" |
