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Environ Monit Assess

Title:		High abundance of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in bee pollen collected in July 2019 from Southern Germany
Author(s):		Friedle C; Kapp T; Wallner K; Alkattea R; Vetter W;
Address:		"Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. carolin_friedle@uni-hohenheim.de. Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Agency (CVUA), Stuttgart, Fellbach, Germany. Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. Institute of Food Chemistry (170B), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany"
Journal Title:		Environ Monit Assess
Year:		2022
Volume:		20220306
Issue:		4
Page Number:		250 -
DOI:		10.1007/s10661-022-09907-8
ISSN/ISBN:		1573-2959 (Electronic) 0167-6369 (Print) 0167-6369 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are secondary plant defense compounds and known pre-toxins when containing a 1,2-double bond. They are commonly produced by various plants and may thus be present in bee pollen which may be consumed by humans as food supplements. In this study, PA were determined in bee pollen samples from 57 locations in Southern Germany sampled by means of pollen traps in July 2019. Samples were analyzed by using palynological methodology and solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by LC-MS/MS. In total, 52 pollen samples featured total pyrrolizidine alkaloids (SigmaPA) with concentrations up to 48,000 ng/g bee pollen, while the N-oxides (NO) echinatine-NO and rinderine-NO clearly dominated. In contrast, the palynological analysis only detected 33 samples with pollen from PA-producing plants. Accordingly, the results showed that palynological analysis is not sufficient to determine PA in pollen. In addition, a risk assessment was followed to estimate the risk of the detected PA concentrations to humans"
Keywords:		"Animals Bees Chromatography, Liquid/methods Environmental Monitoring Germany Pollen/chemistry *Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids/analysis/chemistry *Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods Bee-collected pollen Lc-ms/ms Palynological analysis Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Risk m;"
Notes:		"MedlineFriedle, Carolin Kapp, Thomas Wallner, Klaus Alkattea, Raghdan Vetter, Walter eng Netherlands 2022/03/07 Environ Monit Assess. 2022 Mar 6; 194(4):250. doi: 10.1007/s10661-022-09907-8"