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Sci Total Environ

Title:		"Occurrence and risk assessment of herbicides and fungicides in atmospheric particulate matter in Hanoi, Vietnam"
Author(s):		Duong HT; Doan NH; Trinh HT; Kadokami K;
Address:		"Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam. Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Sophia University, Kioicho 7-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan. Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam. Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan. Electronic address: kadokami@kitakyu-u.ac.jp"
Journal Title:		Sci Total Environ
Year:		2021
Volume:		20210511
Issue:
Page Number:		147674 -
DOI:		10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147674
ISSN/ISBN:		1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Vietnam is a Southeast Asian developing country with rapidly increasing air pollution, especially in large cities. Over 350,000 chemicals and chemical mixtures are produced and used in Vietnam; however, the country has only implemented air quality standards for 44 substances, which are primarily focused on inorganic and volatile organic compounds. Although numerous pesticides are frequently applied across large cities in Vietnam, information on their concentrations in atmospheric particulate matter (APM) is limited. Therefore, to investigate their occurrence and health effects, 187 pesticides in APM were screened using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-quadrupole time of flight- Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Spectra method (LC-QTOF-MS-SWATH). A total of 22 pesticides (16 fungicides and 6 herbicides) were quantified in the dry and rainy seasons. Among them, 19 substances were quantified in APM for the first time in Vietnam. Their median total concentrations in the dry season were higher than those in the rainy season, and the concentrations in the daytime were one-third of the night-time concentrations in both seasons. Their total levels ranged from 0.82 to 21.1 ng m(-3) (median, 3.63 ng m(-3)), the detection frequencies of 9 pesticides were higher than 70%, and 7-14 pesticides were detected per sample (median, 10). Some of the detected pesticides were likely sourced from their prevalent use in amenity turf protection (e.g., in parks and public roads) and weed control (e.g., in gardens, floriculture, and agriculture). The total daily intake (DI(air)) values for adults, children, and infants were 8.17E-06, 2.06E-05, and 2.45E-05 mg kg(-1) d(-1), respectively, and the highest Hazard Quotients (HQs) were 4.81E-04, 1.22E-03, and 1.44E-03, respectively. All HQs and HIs of the pesticides were < 1 for all population groups (adults, children, and infants), indicating negligible exposure risks"
Keywords:		Air particle Lc-qtof-ms-swath Pesticide Risk assessment Target screening analysis;
Notes:		"PubMed-not-MEDLINEDuong, Hanh Thi Doan, Nguyen Hai Trinh, Ha Thu Kadokami, Kiwao eng Netherlands 2021/05/19 Sci Total Environ. 2021 Sep 15; 787:147674. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147674. Epub 2021 May 11"