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Ann Hematol

Title:		Coagulopathy and thromboembolic events in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: pathogenesis and management strategies
Author(s):		Allegra A; Innao V; Allegra AG; Musolino C;
Address:		"Division of Haematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood 'Gaetano Barresi', University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy. aallegra@unime.it. COVID Centre AOU Policlinic G. Martino, Messina, Italy. aallegra@unime.it. Division of Haematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood 'Gaetano Barresi', University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy"
Journal Title:		Ann Hematol
Year:		2020
Volume:		20200715
Issue:		9
Page Number:		1953 - 1965
DOI:		10.1007/s00277-020-04182-4
ISSN/ISBN:		1432-0584 (Electronic) 0939-5555 (Print) 0939-5555 (Linking)
Abstract:		"In October 2019, a viral infectious disease appeared in the city of Wuhan in China. A new betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been recognized as the responsible pathogen in this infection. Although coronavirus disease is principally expressed as a pulmonary infection, critical SARS-CoV-2 infection is frequently complicated with coagulopathy, and thromboembolic events are recognizable in several patients. Dehydration, acute inflammatory condition, protracted immobilization during disease, existence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, obesity or hypertension, previous coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, peripheral artery disease are frequent comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized subjects, which possibly augment thrombo-embolic risk. However, other causal factors can still be identified such as unrestricted angiotensin II action, the use of immunoglobulins, an increased production of adhesion molecules able to induce vascular inflammation and endothelial activation, complement stimulation, excessive production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and increased platelet count. Low-molecular-weight heparin should be chosen as early treatment because of its anti-inflammatory action and its ability to antagonize histones and so defend the endothelium. However, several therapeutic possibilities have also been proposed such as fibrinolytic treatment, drugs that target NETs, and complement inhibition. Nevertheless, although the violence of the pandemic may suggest the use of heroic treatments to reduce the frightening mortality that accompanies SARS-CoV-2 infection, we believe that experimental treatments should only be used within approved and controlled protocols, the only ones that can provide useful and specify information on the validity of the treatments"
Keywords:		Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use Anticoagulants/therapeutic use *Betacoronavirus Blood Coagulation Disorders/*blood/drug therapy/etiology Covid-19 Coronavirus Infections/*blood/complications/drug therapy *Disease Management Humans Pandemics Pneumo;
Notes:		"MedlineAllegra, Alessandro Innao, Vanessa Allegra, Andrea Gaetano Musolino, Caterina eng Review Germany 2020/07/17 Ann Hematol. 2020 Sep; 99(9):1953-1965. doi: 10.1007/s00277-020-04182-4. Epub 2020 Jul 15"