| Title: | "Species profiles, in-situ photochemistry and health risk of volatile organic compounds in the gasoline service station in China" |
| Author(s): | Zeng L; Yang B; Xiao S; Yan M; Cai Y; Liu B; Zheng X; Wu Y; |
| Address: | "College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. Shenzhen Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen 518001, China. Yanchang and Shell (Guangdong) Petroleum Company Limited, Guangzhou 510000, China. Shell (China) Limited, Beijing 100000, China. College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. Electronic address: x-zheng11@szu.edu.cn. School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China" |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156813 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "Accompanying with increases in vehicle population and gasoline consumption, gasoline evaporation accounted for an enlarged portion of total volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in China, raising increasing environmental concerns especially in megacities. In this study, an intensive sampling campaign was performed in a gasoline service station, to reveal emission characteristics, environmental and health impacts of VOCs. It was strikingly found that 24 % of air samples exceeded the national standard of 4 mg/m(3) for non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) on the boundary of the station, with the equipment of Stage I and II controls. VOC groups and species profiles showed that alkanes dominated total VOCs. As typical markers of evaporative loss of gasoline, C4-5 species (i-pentane, n-pentane and n-butane) as well as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) accounted for 49.6 % of VOCs. Species profile and diagnostic ratios indicated the prominent contribution of gasoline evaporative losses from refueling or breathing processes, as well as the interference of vehicle exhaust in the ambient air at the site. Intensive O(3) production was reproduced by the photochemical box model, demonstrating that O(3) formation was co-limited by both VOCs (especially trans-2-butene) and NO(x). Inhalation health risk assessment proved that exposure to hazardous VOCs caused non-cancer risk (HQ = 3.08) and definitely posed cancer risks at a probability of 1.3 x 10(-4) to workers. Remarkable health risks were mainly imposed by halocarbons, aromatics and alkenes, in which 1,2-dichloropropane caused the highest non-cancer risk (HQ = 1.3) and acted as the primary carcinogen (ICR = 5.1 x 10(-5)). This study elucidated the high unqualified rate in gasoline service stations after the implementation of latest standards in China, where new regulations targeted halocarbons and updates in existing vapor recovery systems were suggested for VOC mitigation" |
| Keywords: | *Air Pollutants/analysis China Environmental Monitoring Gasoline/analysis Humans *Ozone/analysis Photochemistry Vehicle Emissions/analysis *Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis Gasoline evaporative emission In-situ O(3) photochemistry Inhalation (non)cance; |
| Notes: | "MedlineZeng, Lewei Yang, Bohan Xiao, Shupei Yan, Min Cai, Yanwen Liu, Baoquan Zheng, Xuan Wu, Ye eng Netherlands 2022/06/24 Sci Total Environ. 2022 Oct 10; 842:156813. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156813. Epub 2022 Jun 20" |
