| Title: | Roasting and Cacao Origin Affect the Formation of Volatile Organic Sulfur Compounds in 100% Chocolate |
| Author(s): | Wiedemer AM; McClure AP; Leitner E; Hopfer H; |
| Address: | "Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Patric Food and Beverage Development, Columbia, MO 65202, USA. Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria" |
| DOI: | 10.3390/molecules28073038 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1420-3049 (Electronic) 1420-3049 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "Chocolate is a highly appreciated food that develops its characteristic flavors in large part during the roasting of cacao beans. Many functional classes have been noted for their importance to chocolate flavor, including volatile organic sulfur compounds (VSCs). Despite this, the effect of roasting on the concentration of VSCs has never been thoroughly assessed. Here, we studied the effects of roasting temperature, time, and cacao origin on the formation of VSCs. Twenty-seven 100% chocolate samples made from cacao from three different origins and roasted according to an I-optimal experimental design were analyzed by comprehensive gas chromatography with sulfur-selective detection (GCxGC-SCD). For two compounds, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, the effects of roasting time, roasting temperature, and cacao origin were modelled using response surface methodology and semi-quantified relative concentration. Overall, roasting increased the number of sulfur-containing volatiles present in chocolate, with a total of 28 detected, far more than previously thought. Increased roasting time and especially roasting temperature were found to significantly increase the concentration of VSCs (p < 0.05), while cacao origin effects were only seen for dimethyl disulfide (p < 0.05). The identity of most VSCs remains tentative, and more research is needed to unravel the impact of these volatiles on flavor perception in chocolate" |
| Keywords: | *Cacao/chemistry *Chocolate *Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis Sulfur Compounds Sulfur cacao origin chocolate comprehensive gas chromatography roasting volatile organic sulfur compounds; |
| Notes: | "MedlineWiedemer, Aaron M McClure, Alan P Leitner, Erich Hopfer, Helene eng NA/Austrian Marshall Plan Foundation/ NA/Penn State Schreyer Honors College/ 00062604/Professional Manufacturing Confectioners Association (PMCA)/ NA/Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences Undergraduate Research Award/ Project PEN004792 and accession number 7002577/National Institute of Food and Agriculture/ Switzerland 2023/04/14 Molecules. 2023 Mar 29; 28(7):3038. doi: 10.3390/molecules28073038" |
