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Environ Sci Pollut Res Int

Title:		"POPs in a major conurbation in Turkey: ambient air concentrations, seasonal variation, inhalation and dermal exposure, and associated carcinogenic risks"
Author(s):		Ugranli T; Gungormus E; Kavcar P; Demircioglu E; Odabasi M; Sofuoglu SC; Lammel G; Sofuoglu A;
Address:		"Department of Environmental Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey. Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey. Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey. Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany. Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic. Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey. aysunsofuoglu@iyte.edu.tr"
Journal Title:		Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
Year:		2016
Volume:		20160823
Issue:		22
Page Number:		22500 - 22512
DOI:		10.1007/s11356-016-7350-5
ISSN/ISBN:		1614-7499 (Electronic) 0944-1344 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Semi-volatile organic compounds were monitored over a whole year, by collection of gas and particle phases every sixth day at a suburban site in Izmir, Turkey. Annual mean concentrations of 32 polychlorinated biphenyls ( summation operator(32)PCBs) and 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( summation operator(14)PAHs) were 348 pg/m(3) and 36 ng/m(3), respectively, while it was 273 pg/m(3) for endosulfan, the dominant compound among 23 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Monte Carlo simulation was applied to the USEPA exposure-risk models for the estimation of the population exposure and carcinogenic risk probability distributions for heating and non-heating periods. The estimated population risks associated with dermal contact and inhalation routes to summation operator(32)PCBs, summation operator(14)PAHs, and some of the targeted OCPs (alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, alpha-chlordane (alpha-CHL), gamma-chlordane (gamma-CHL), and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT)) were in the ranges of 1.86 x 10(-16)-7.29 x 10(-9) and 1.38 x 10(-10)-4.07 x 10(-6), respectively. The inhalation 95th percentile risks for summation operator(32)PCBs, summation operator(14)PAHs, and OCPs were about 6, 3, and 4-7 orders of magnitude higher than those of dermal route, respectively. The 95th percentile inhalation risk for summation operator(32)PCBs and OCPs in the non-heating period were 1.8- and 1.2-4.6 folds higher than in the heating period, respectively. In contrast, the 95th percentile risk levels for summation operator(14)PAHs in the heating period were 4.3 times greater than that of non-heating period for inhalation, respectively. While risk levels associated with exposure to PCBs and OCPs did not exceed the acceptable level of 1 x 10(-6), it was exceeded for 47 % of the population associated with inhalation of PAHs with a maximum value of about 4 x 10(-6)"
Keywords:		"Air Pollutants/*analysis Carcinogens, Environmental/analysis Chlordan/analysis DDT/analysis Endosulfan/analysis *Environmental Monitoring Heptachlor/analysis Hexachlorocyclohexane/analysis Humans Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/analysis Pesticides/*analysis Pol;"
Notes:		"MedlineUgranli, Tugba Gungormus, Elif Kavcar, Pinar Demircioglu, Eylem Odabasi, Mustafa Sofuoglu, Sait C Lammel, Gerhard Sofuoglu, Aysun eng Germany 2016/08/25 Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 Nov; 23(22):22500-22512. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7350-5. Epub 2016 Aug 23"