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PLoS One

Title:		Predator diversity effects in an exotic freshwater food web
Author(s):		Naddafi R; Rudstam LG;
Address:		"Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden. Rahmat.Naddafi@slu.se"
Journal Title:		PLoS One
Year:		2013
Volume:		20130821
Issue:		8
Page Number:		e72599 -
DOI:		10.1371/journal.pone.0072599
ISSN/ISBN:		1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Cascading trophic interactions are often defined as the indirect effects of a predator on primary producers through the effect of the predator on herbivores. These effects can be both direct through removal of herbivores [density-mediated indirect interactions (DMIIs)] or indirect through changes in the behavior of the herbivores [trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs)]. How the relative importance of these two indirect interactions varies with predator diversity remains poorly understood. We tested the effect of predator diversity on both TMIIs and DMIIs on phytoplankton using two competitive invasive dreissenid mussel species (zebra mussel and quagga mussel) as the herbivores and combinations of one, two or all three species of the predators pumpkinseed sunfish, round goby, and rusty crayfish. Predators had either direct access to mussels and induced both TMII and DMII, or no direct access and induced only TMII through the presence of risk cues. In both sets of treatments, the predators induced a trophic cascade which resulted in more phytoplankton remaining with predators present than with only mussels present. The trophic cascade was weaker in three-predator and two-predator treatments than in one-predator treatments when predators had direct access to dreissenids (DMIIs and TMIIs). Crayfish had higher cascading effects on phytoplankton than both pumpkinseed and round goby. Increased predator diversity decreased the strength of DMIIs but had no effect on the strength of TMIIs. The strength of TMIIs was higher with zebra than quagga mussels. Our study suggests that inter-specific interference among predators in multi-species treatments weakens the consumptive cascading effects of predation on lower trophic levels whereas the importance of predator diversity on trait mediated effects depends on predator identity"
Keywords:		Animals Biodiversity *Food Chain Fresh Water *Predatory Behavior;
Notes:		"MedlineNaddafi, Rahmat Rudstam, Lars G eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2013/08/31 PLoS One. 2013 Aug 21; 8(8):e72599. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072599. eCollection 2013"