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J Chem Ecol

Title:		The Origin and Ecological Function of an Ion Inducing Anti-Predator Behavior in Lithobates Tadpoles
Author(s):		Austin CE; March RE; Stock NL; Murray DL;
Address:		"Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada. caylaaustin@trentu.ca. Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada. Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada. Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada"
Journal Title:		J Chem Ecol
Year:		2018
Volume:		20180116
Issue:		2
Page Number:		178 - 188
DOI:		10.1007/s10886-018-0925-5
ISSN/ISBN:		1573-1561 (Electronic) 0098-0331 (Linking)
Abstract:		"In aquatic environments, chemical cues are believed to be associated with prey response to predation risk, yet few basic cue compositions are known despite the pronounced ecological and evolutionary significance of such cues. Previous work indicated that negatively-charged ions of m/z 501 are possibly a kairomone that induces anti-predator responses in amphibian tadpoles. However, work described here confirms that this specific ion species m/z 501.2886 is produced by injured tadpoles, exhibits increased spectral intensity with higher tadpole biomass, and is not produced by starved predators. These results indicate the anion is an alarm cue released from tadpoles. High resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) revealed a unique elemental composition for [M-H](-), m/z 501.2886, of C(26)H(45)O(7)S(-) which could not be determined in previous studies using low resolution instruments. Collision induced dissociation of m/z 501 ions formed product ions of m/z 97 and m/z 80, HSO(4)(-) and SO(3)(-), respectively, showing the presence of sulfate. Green frog tadpoles, Lithobates clamitans, exposed to the m/z 501 anion or sodium dodecyl sulfate exhibited similar anti-predator responses, suggesting organic sulfate is a tadpole behavior modifier"
Keywords:		Animals Anions/analysis/*metabolism Larva/physiology Mass Spectrometry *Predatory Behavior Ranidae/*physiology Sulfates/analysis/metabolism Anti-predator behavior Chemical cue Green frog (Lithobates clamitans) High resolution-mass spectrometry (HR-MS) Iso;
Notes:		"MedlineAustin, Cayla E March, Raymond E Stock, Naomi L Murray, Dennis L eng 2018/01/18 J Chem Ecol. 2018 Feb; 44(2):178-188. doi: 10.1007/s10886-018-0925-5. Epub 2018 Jan 16"