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Physiol Behav

Title:		A possible alarm substance in the forced swimming test
Author(s):		Abel EL; Bilitzke PJ;
Address:		"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201"
Journal Title:		Physiol Behav
Year:		1990
Volume:		48
Issue:		2
Page Number:		233 - 239
DOI:		10.1016/0031-9384(90)90306-o
ISSN/ISBN:		0031-9384 (Print) 0031-9384 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Rats were tested in a forced swimming paradigm under a number of conditions which showed that time of day of testing did not significantly affect duration of immobility and a shorter ten-minute test period was as effective as the traditional longer protocol which tests animals 24 hours after initial immersion. Prior foot shock and noise decreased the immobility response. In addition, swimming in a cylinder in which another rat had been swimming also decreased the immobility response. The latter was not due to fecal or urinary contamination but appeared to be due to an alarm substance released during immersion in the water. Animals were affected by this proposed substance whether they released it themselves or it was released by a stranger. The proposed substance was released after a 3.5-minute or longer swimming period"
Keywords:		"*Animal Communication Animals Arousal/*physiology Escape Reaction/*physiology Fear/*physiology Male Mental Recall/physiology Motor Activity/*physiology Pheromones/*physiology Rats Sleep, REM/physiology Social Environment Swimming;"
Notes:		"MedlineAbel, E L Bilitzke, P J eng PA 50 AA07606/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 1990/08/01 Physiol Behav. 1990 Aug; 48(2):233-9. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90306-o"