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Environ Pollut

Title:		"Environmental and health risks of VOCs in the longest inner-city tunnel in Xi'an, Northwest China: Implication of impact from new energy vehicles"
Author(s):		Xu H; Feng R; Wang Z; Zhang N; Zhang R; He K; Wang Q; Zhang Q; Sun J; Zhang B; Shen Z; Ho SHS; Cao J;
Address:		"Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China. Electronic address: xuhongmei@xjtu.edu.cn. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China. SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China. Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China. Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China. Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States"
Journal Title:		Environ Pollut
Year:		2021
Volume:		20210401
Issue:
Page Number:		117057 -
DOI:		10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117057
ISSN/ISBN:		1873-6424 (Electronic) 0269-7491 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Traffic source-dominated volatile organic compound (VOC) samples were collected during four time-intervals in a day (?a▀: 7:30-10:30, ?af: 11:00-14:00, ?a=: 16:30-19:30, and ?a╖: 20:00-23:00) in a tunnel in summer, 2019, in Xi'an, China. The total measured VOC (TVOC) in periods ?a▀ and ?a= (rush hours, 107.2 +/- 8.2 parts per billion by volume [ppbv]) was 1.8 times that in periods ?af and ?a╖ (non-rush hours, 58.6 +/- 13.8 ppbv), consistent with the variation in vehicle numbers in the tunnel. The considerably elevated ethane and ethylbenzene levels could have been attributed to emissions from compressed natural gas vehicles and the rapid development of methanol-fueled taxis in Xi'an in 2019. The mixing ratios of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) contributed 9.4%-12.7% to TVOCs, and the contributions were nearly 40% higher in periods ?a▀ and ?a= than in ?af and ?a╖, indicating that BTEX levels were strongly affected by vehicle emissions. The indicators of motor vehicle emission, namely ethylene, propylene, toluene, m/p-xylenes, o-xylene, and propane, contributed to more than half of the ozone formation potential in this study. The noncarcinogenic risks of VOCs in this study were within the international safety standard, whereas the carcinogenic risks exceeded the standard by 2.3-4.6 times, suggesting that carcinogenic risks were more serious than noncarcinogenic risks. VOCs presented 2.2 and 1.4 times noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks during rush hours than during non-rush hours, respectively. Notably, the carcinogenic risk in period ?a╖ was comparable with that in period ?a=; however, the vehicle numbers and VOC mixing ratios were the lowest at night, which may have attributed to the increasing number and proportion of methanol M100-fueled vehicles in the tunnel. Therefore, VOCs emitted by new energy vehicles should also be seriously considered while evaluating fossil fuel vehicle emissions"
Keywords:		*Air Pollutants/analysis China Environmental Monitoring Vehicle Emissions/analysis *Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis Btex Health risk Methanol-fueled vehicles Ofp Tunnel VOCs;
Notes:		"MedlineXu, Hongmei Feng, Rong Wang, Zexuan Zhang, Ningning Zhang, Renjian He, Kailai Wang, Qiyuan Zhang, Qian Sun, Jian Zhang, Bin Shen, Zhenxing Ho, Steven Hang Sai Cao, Junji eng England 2021/04/12 Environ Pollut. 2021 Aug 1; 282:117057. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117057. Epub 2021 Apr 1"