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Sci Rep

Title:		Exhaled volatile organic compounds for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Author(s):		Sukaram T; Tansawat R; Apiparakoon T; Tiyarattanachai T; Marukatat S; Rerknimitr R; Chaiteerakij R;
Address:		"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand. Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Center of Excellence for Innovation and Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Oncology, Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Image Processing and Understanding Team, Artificial Intelligence Research Group, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Bangkok, Thailand. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand. roon.chaiteerakij@chula.md. Center of Excellence for Innovation and Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Oncology, Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. roon.chaiteerakij@chula.md"
Journal Title:		Sci Rep
Year:		2022
Volume:		20220329
Issue:		1
Page Number:		5326 -
DOI:		10.1038/s41598-022-08678-z
ISSN/ISBN:		2045-2322 (Electronic) 2045-2322 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile for diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic response of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been well studied. We determined VOCs profile in exhaled breath of 97 HCC patients and 111 controls using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Support Vector Machine algorithm. The combination of acetone, 1,4-pentadiene, methylene chloride, benzene, phenol and allyl methyl sulfide provided the highest accuracy of 79.6%, with 76.5% sensitivity and 82.7% specificity in the training set; and 55.4% accuracy, 44.0% sensitivity, and 75.0% specificity in the test set. This combination was correlated with the HCC stages demonstrating by the increased distance from the classification boundary when the stage advanced. For early HCC detection, d-limonene provided a 62.8% sensitivity, 51.8% specificity and 54.9% accuracy. The levels of acetone, butane and dimethyl sulfide were significantly altered after treatment. Patients with complete response had a greater decreased acetone level than those with remaining tumor post-treatment (73.38 +/- 56.76 vs. 17.11 +/- 58.86 (x 10(6) AU, p = 0.006). Using a cutoff of 35.9 x 10(6) AU, the reduction in acetone level predicted treatment response with 77.3% sensitivity, 83.3% specificity, 79.4%, accuracy, and AUC of 0.784. This study demonstrates the feasibility of exhaled VOCs as a non-invasive tool for diagnosis, monitoring of HCC progression and treatment response"
Keywords:		"Breath Tests/methods *Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnosis Exhalation Humans *Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis *Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis;"
Notes:		"MedlineSukaram, Thanikan Tansawat, Rossarin Apiparakoon, Terapap Tiyarattanachai, Thodsawit Marukatat, Sanparith Rerknimitr, Rungsun Chaiteerakij, Roongruedee eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England 2022/03/31 Sci Rep. 2022 Mar 29; 12(1):5326. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08678-z"