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J Hazard Mater

Title:		Exposure to hazardous volatile pollutants back diffusing from automobile exhaust systems
Author(s):		Rahman MM; Kim KH;
Address:		"Dept. of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gun-Ja Dong, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea"
Journal Title:		J Hazard Mater
Year:		2012
Volume:		20120925
Issue:
Page Number:		267 - 278
DOI:		10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.042
ISSN/ISBN:		1873-3336 (Electronic) 0304-3894 (Linking)
Abstract:		"As back diffusion gases from automobiles are significant sources of in-vehicular pollution, we investigated eight automobiles, five for back diffusion (driving) measurements and three for reference conditions (non-driving). To characterize the back diffusion emission conditions, seven volatile organic compounds (VOC) and four carbonyl compounds (CCs) were measured along with dilution-to-threshold (D/T) ratio. The data obtained from back diffusion measurements were examined after having been divided into three subcategories: (i) driving and non-driving, (ii) with and without automobile upgrading (sealing the inner line), and (iii) differences in CO emission levels. Among the VOCs, the concentrations of toluene (T) was found to be the highest (range: 13.6-155 ppb), while benzene (0.19-1.47 ppb) was hardly distinguishable from its ambient levels. Other VOCs (xylene, trimethylbenzene, and styrene) were generally below <1 ppb. Unlike VOCs, the concentrations (ppb) of CCs were seen at fairly enhanced levels: 30.1-95 (formaldehyde), 34.6-87.2 (acetaldehyde), 4.56-34.7 (propionaldehyde), and 3.45-68.8 (butyraldehyde). The results of our study suggest that the back diffusion phenomenon, if occurring, can deteriorate in-vehicle air, especially with the most imminent health hazards from a compound such as formaldehyde in view of its exceedance pattern over common guidelines"
Keywords:		Air Pollutants/*analysis Automobiles/*standards Diffusion Environmental Monitoring/legislation & jurisprudence/methods Hazardous Waste/*analysis Humans Inhalation Exposure/*analysis/legislation & jurisprudence Maximum Allowable Concentration Republic of K;
Notes:		"MedlineRahman, Md Mahmudur Kim, Ki-Hyun eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Netherlands 2012/10/18 J Hazard Mater. 2012 Nov 30; 241-242:267-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.042. Epub 2012 Sep 25"