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J Chem Ecol

Title:		Chemical Traits that Predict Susceptibility of Pinus radiata to Marsupial Bark Stripping
Author(s):		Nantongo JS; Potts BM; Davies NW; Aurik D; Elms S; Fitzgerald H; O'Reilly-Wapstra JM;
Address:		"School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia. Judith.Nantongo@utas.edu.au. School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia. ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7001, Australia. Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia. Timberlands Pacific Pty Ltd, Launceston, 7250, Australia. Hancock Victorian Plantations, Churchill, 3842, Australia"
Journal Title:		J Chem Ecol
Year:		2022
Volume:		20211006
Issue:		1
Page Number:		51 - 70
DOI:		10.1007/s10886-021-01307-5
ISSN/ISBN:		1573-1561 (Electronic) 0098-0331 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Bark stripping by mammals is a major problem in managed conifer forests worldwide. In Australia, bark stripping in the exotic plantations of Pinus radiata is mainly caused by native marsupials and results in reduced survival, growth, and in extreme cases death of trees. Herbivory is influenced by a balance between primary metabolites that are sources of nutrition and secondary metabolites that act as defences. Identifying the compounds that influence herbivory may be a useful tool in the management of forest systems. This study aimed to detect and identify both constitutive and induced compounds that are associated with genetic differences in susceptibility of two-year-old P. radiata trees to bark stripping by marsupials. An untargeted profiling of 83 primary and secondary compounds of the needles and bark samples from 21 susceptible and 21 resistant families was undertaken. These were among the most and least damaged families, respectively, screened in a trial of 74 families that were exposed to natural field bark stripping by marsupials. Experimental plants were in the same field trial but protected from bark stripping and a subset were subjected to artificial bark stripping to examine induced and constitutive chemistry differences between resistant and susceptible families. Machine learning (random forest), partial least squares plus discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and principal components analysis with discriminant analysis (PCA-DA), as well as univariate methods were used to identify the most important totals by compound group and individual compounds differentiating the resistant and susceptible families. In the bark, the constitutive amount of two sesquiterpenoids - bicyclogermacrene and an unknown sesquiterpenoid alcohol -were shown to be of higher levels in the resistant families, whereas the constitutive sugars, fructose, and glucose, as well individual phenolics, were higher in the more susceptible families. The chemistry of the needles was not useful in differentiating the resistant and susceptible families to marsupial bark stripping. After artificial bark stripping, the terpenes, sugars, and phenolics responded in both the resistant and susceptible families by increasing or reducing amounts, which leveled the differences in the amounts of the compounds between the different resistant and susceptible classes observed at the constitutive level. Overall, based on the families with extreme values for less and more susceptibility, differences in the amounts of secondary compounds were subtle and susceptibility due to sugars may outweigh defence as the cause of the genetic variation in bark stripping observed in this non-native tree herbivory system"
Keywords:		"Animals Child, Preschool Herbivory Humans *Marsupialia Phenotype *Pinus/genetics Plant Bark Bark stripping Defence Pinus radiata Resistance Sugars Susceptibility Terpenes;"
Notes:		"MedlineNantongo, Judith S Potts, Brad M Davies, Noel W Aurik, Don Elms, Stephen Fitzgerald, Hugh O'Reilly-Wapstra, Julianne M eng Linkage Grant, LP140100602/australian research council/ 2021/10/07 J Chem Ecol. 2022 Jan; 48(1):51-70. doi: 10.1007/s10886-021-01307-5. Epub 2021 Oct 6"