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Waste Manag

Title:		Assessment of compost maturity by using an electronic nose
Author(s):		Lopez R; Giraldez I; Palma A; Jesus Diaz M;
Address:		"Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain. Electronic address: rafael.lopez@csic.es. Departamento de Quimica y Ciencia de los Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Univ. de Huelva, Campus Universitario El Carmen, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas, 21071 Huelva, Spain. Electronic address: giraldez@uhu.es. Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica, Quimica Fisica y Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Univ. de Huelva, Campus Universitario El Carmen, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas, 21071 Huelva, Spain. Electronic address: alberto.palma@diq.uhu.es. Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica, Quimica Fisica y Quimica Organica, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Univ. de Huelva, Campus Universitario El Carmen, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas, 21071 Huelva, Spain. Electronic address: dblanco@uhu.es"
Journal Title:		Waste Manag
Year:		2016
Volume:		20151009
Issue:
Page Number:		174 - 180
DOI:		10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.039
ISSN/ISBN:		1879-2456 (Electronic) 0956-053X (Linking)
Abstract:		"The composting process produces and emits hundreds of different gases. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can provide information about progress of composting process. This paper is focused on the qualitative and quantitative relationships between compost age, as sign of compost maturity, electronic-nose (e-nose) patterns and composition of compost and composting gas at an industrial scale plant. Gas and compost samples were taken at different depths from composting windrows of different ages. Temperature, classical chemical parameters, O2, CO, combustible gases, VOCs and e-nose profiles were determined and related using principal component analysis (PCA). Factor analysis carried out to a data set including compost physical-chemical properties, pile pore gas composition and composting time led to few factors, each one grouping together standard composting parameters in an easy to understand way. PCA obtained from e-nose profiles allowed the classifying of piles, their aerobic-anaerobic condition, and a rough estimation of the composting time. That would allow for immediate and in-situ assessment of compost quality and maturity by using an on-line e-nose. The e-nose patterns required only 3-4 sensor signals to account for a great percentage (97-98%) of data variance. The achieved patterns both from compost (chemical analysis) and gas (e-nose analysis) samples are robust despite the high variability in feedstock characteristics (3 different materials), composting conditions and long composting time. GC-MS chromatograms supported the patterns"
Keywords:		"*Electronic Nose Factor Analysis, Statistical Gases/analysis *Soil/chemistry Temperature Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis Biomass Compost maturity Composting Green wastes Manure Pruning residues VOCs;"
Notes:		"MedlineLopez, Rafael Giraldez, Inmaculada Palma, Alberto Jesus Diaz, M eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2015/10/08 Waste Manag. 2016 Feb; 48:174-180. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.039. Epub 2015 Oct 9"