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J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol

Title:		Exposure to volatile organic compounds in the passenger compartment of automobiles during periods of normal and malfunctioning operation
Author(s):		Lawryk NJ; Lioy PJ; Weisel CP;
Address:		"Exposure Measurement and Assessment Division, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855, USA"
Journal Title:		J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol
Year:		1995
Volume:		5
Issue:		4
Page Number:		511 - 531
DOI:
ISSN/ISBN:		1053-4245 (Print) 1053-4245 (Linking)
Abstract:		"In-vehicle exposures to selected gasoline-derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde were examined on 113 commutes through suburban New Jersey and on 33 New Jersey/New York commutes using measurements taken in two vehicles driven in tandem during 1991-1992. Overall median exposures to VOCs were lowest on the suburban commute, slightly higher on the New Jersey Turnpike, and highest in transit through the Lincoln Tunnel. Median in-vehicle concentrations of benzene, ethylbenzene, m- and p-xylene, and o-xylene were 14 microg/m3, 6.8 microg/m3, 36 microg/m3, and 15 microg/m3, respectively. For a motorist who commutes 93.2 min daily (6.5% of the day), this corresponds to 12.1%, 10.8%, 14.9%, and 14.7% of the total daily exposures to these compounds. One vehicle, with a carbureted engine, developed malfunctions which caused gasoline emissions within the engine compartment during driving. Resultant gasoline-derived VOC concentrations in this vehicle measured much higher than in the properly maintained, fuel-injected vehicle, particularly for the low ventilation extreme. The highest in-vehicle benzene concentration measured during these malfunctions was 45.2 microg/m3. The air concentration in the vehicle driven in tandem was a factor of 25 less (1.8 microg/m3). A motorist who drives for the average daily period of 93.2 min/day in this malfunctioning automobile will have a benzene exposure of 2.8 (microg/m3)day, compared to 0.1 (microg/m3)day in the properly functioning vehicle"
Keywords:		"Adult Air Pollution, Indoor/*analysis *Automobile Driving Automobiles Environmental Exposure/*statistics & numerical data Environmental Monitoring/methods Equipment Failure Female Formaldehyde/*analysis Humans Hydrocarbons/*analysis Male Middle Aged New J;"
Notes:		"MedlineLawryk, N J Lioy, P J Weisel, C P eng ES-05022-06/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. England 1995/10/01 J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1995 Oct-Dec; 5(4):511-31"