| Title: | "Comparative health risk assessment of in-vehicle exposure to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde for taxi drivers and passengers: Effects of zone, fuel, refueling, vehicle's age and model" |
| Author(s): | Hadei M; Shahsavani A; Hopke PK; Kermani M; Yarahmadi M; Mahmoudi B; |
| Address: | "Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: ashahsavani@sbmu.ac.ir. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA. Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran" |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.111 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1873-6424 (Electronic) 0269-7491 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "This study aimed to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of in-vehicle exposure in Tehran, Iran to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde for different models of taxis, and to explore the effects of city zone, taxi vehicle type, the taxi's age (<1, 1-5, 5-10), fuel type (gasoline, CNG, and LPG), and refueling activities on the estimated health risks based on previously measured concentrations. The overall and age-specific carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of these compounds for taxi drivers and passengers were estimated separately using Monte Carlo simulations. Three scenarios of exposure frequency were defined for taxis commuting in different zones of city: Restricted Traffic Zone (RTZ) and Odd-Even Zone (OEZ) as two plans to reduce air pollution, and no-restriction zone (NRZ). The carcinogenic risks for drivers and passengers, the average risks of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde for most cases were above the 1?ª+x?ª+10(-4). The health risks were greater in Restricted Traffic Zone (RTZ) and Odd-Even Zone (OEZ) in comparison to no-restriction zone (NRZ). The carcinogenic risk from formaldehyde exposures were higher than those for acetaldehyde in all cases. Taxis fueled with LPG showed lower cancer risks for both acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. Refueling increased the carcinogenic risk from both compounds. For non-carcinogenic risks from acetaldehyde, the average hazard ratios for both drivers and passengers were >1, indicating a non-negligible risk. Cancer and non-cancer risks for the taxi drivers were greater than the passengers given the higher time of occupancy. The present study showed that transportation in taxis can impose significant long-term health risks to both passengers and drivers. Development and investment in cleaner choices for public transportations are required" |
| Keywords: | Acetaldehyde/*analysis Air Pollutants/*analysis Air Pollution/*analysis Automobiles Carcinogens/*analysis Formaldehyde/adverse effects/*analysis Gasoline/toxicity Health Status Indicators Humans Iran Respiratory Hypersensitivity Risk Assessment Carbonyls; |
| Notes: | "MedlineHadei, Mostafa Shahsavani, Abbas Hopke, Philip K Kermani, Majid Yarahmadi, Maryam Mahmoudi, Babak eng Comparative Study England 2019/08/09 Environ Pollut. 2019 Nov; 254(Pt A):112943. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.111. Epub 2019 Jul 30" |
