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Physiol Behav

Title:		Alarm substance emitted by rats in the forced-swim test is a low volatile pheromone
Author(s):		Abel EL;
Address:		"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI"
Journal Title:		Physiol Behav
Year:		1991
Volume:		50
Issue:		4
Page Number:		723 - 727
DOI:		10.1016/0031-9384(91)90009-d
ISSN/ISBN:		0031-9384 (Print) 0031-9384 (Linking)
Abstract:		"A series of studies was conducted to determine if the alarm substance produced by rats in the forced-swim test satisfies criteria for pheromones: well-defined behavioral effect, species specificity, minimal influence of experience and control for nonspecific arousal. The alarm substance satisfied these criteria. Additional studies involving activity testing in the presence of the alarm pheromone and preference/avoidance for odors emanating from cylinders containing the pheromone indicated it has very low volatility"
Keywords:		"*Animal Communication Animals Arousal/*physiology Escape Reaction/*physiology Fear/*physiology Male Mice Motor Activity/*physiology Pheromones/*physiology Rats Rats, Inbred Strains Species Specificity Swimming;"
Notes:		"MedlineAbel, E L eng P50 AA07606/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 1991/10/01 Physiol Behav. 1991 Oct; 50(4):723-7. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(91)90009-d"