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Semiochemicals of Genus Cynops

Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Family: Salamandridae
Subfamily: Pleurodelinae
Tribe: 
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Bedoukain RussellIPM

Semiochemical(s):

Cynops ensicauda Hallowell
 
               Yamamoto K  2000  FEBS Lett.  472: 267   
    silefrin    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active   P
Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone
 
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
Japan 
 
               Yotsu M  1990a  Toxicon  28: 238   
    TTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active   P
Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone
 
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
Okinawa, Japan 
    6-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    11-deoxyTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
 
               Yasumoto T  1988  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  110: 2344   
    TTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active   P
Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone
 
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
Okinawa, Japan 
    4-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    6-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    4,9-anhydroTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    4,9-anhydro-6-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    11-deoxyTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    11-deoxy-4-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    4,9-anhydro-11-deoxyTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
 
 
Cynops ensicauda popei Inger
 
               Kudo Y  2012  Mar. Drugs  10: 655   
    TTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active   P
Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone
 
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
Okinawa, Japan 
    4-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    4,9-anhydroTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    6-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    11-deoxyTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    8-epi-5,6,11-trideoxyTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    4,9-anhydro-8-epi-5,6,11-trideoxyTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    1-hydroxy-8-epi-5,6,11-trideoxyTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    1-hydroxy-4,4a-anhydro-8-epi-5,6,11-trideoxyTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
 
 
Cynops orientalis David
 
               Yotsu-Yamashita M  2017  Toxicon  134: 14   
    TTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active   P
Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone
 
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
China 
    6-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    11-oxoTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
 
 
Cynops pyrrhogaster Boie
 
               Sato S  2021  J. Mar. Sci. Eng.  9: 1004   
    TTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active   P
Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone
 
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
Miura Peninsula, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan 
    4,9-anhydroTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    4-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    6-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
 
               Nakada T  2007  Peptides  28: 774   
    (Val8)sodefrin    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active   P
Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone
 
M
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
Nara Area, Japan 
 
               Tsuruda K  2002  Toxicon  40: 131   
    TTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active   P
Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone
 
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
Isahaya, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan 
    4-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    6-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    4,9-anhydroTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    4,9-anhydro-6-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
 
               Tsuruda K  2001  J. Nat. Toxins  10: 79   
    TTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active   P
Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone
 
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
Japan 
    6-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    4-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    4,9-anhydroTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    4,9-anhydro-6-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
 
               Yotsu M  1990a  Toxicon  28: 238   
    TTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active   P
Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone
 
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
Miyagi Prefecture, Japan 
    6-epiTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    11-deoxyTTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
 
               Brodie ED  1974  Copeia  1974: 506   
    TTX    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active   P
Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone
 
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
USA 
 
               Erspamer V  1964a  Jpn. J. Pharmacol.  14: 468   
    serotonin    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active   P
Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone
 
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
Japan 
    histamine    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
    leptodactyline    Relative ratio of the component   (*) indicates that compound is active    
Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker
 
Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram
 
 
 
 
Reference(s):

Sato, S., Kawaura, R., Togashi, K., Mizusawa, N., Yasumoto, K., Takada, K., Amano, M., and Watabe, S. 2021. De novo accumulation of tetrodotoxin and its analogs in pufferfish and newt and dosage-driven accumulation of toxins in newt: Tissue distribution and anatomical localization. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 9:1004-1021.
 
Yotsu-Yamashita, M., Toennes, S.W., and Mebs, D. 2017. Tetrodotoxin in Asian newts (Salamandridae). Toxicon. 134:14-17.
 
Kudo, Y., Yasumoto, T., Konoki, K., Cho, Y., and Yotsu-Yamashita, M. 2012. Isolation and structural determination of the first 8-epi-type tetrodotoxin analogs from the newt, Cynops ensicauda popei, and comparison of tetrodotoxin analogs profiles of this newt and the puffer fish, Fugu poecilonotus. Mar. Drugs. 10:655-667.
 
Nakada, T., Toyoda, F., Iwata, T., Yamamoto, K., Conlon, J.M., Kato, T., and Kikuyama, S. 2007. Isolation, characterization and bioactivity of a region-specific pheromone, [Val8]sodefrin from the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster. Peptides. 28:774-780.
 
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Citation: El-Sayed AM 2025. The Pherobase: Database of Pheromones and Semiochemicals. <http://www.pherobase.com>.
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